| 42) Shu XO (2009) | The Shanghai Breast Cancer Survival Study | 5033 surgically treated breast cancer patients aged 20-75.
(China) | 3.9
(2002-2006 to 2008) | See variables | Total mortality, and Recurrence/Breast cancer-specific mortality | Soy protein/isoflavones (tofu, soy milk, fresh soy beans, and other soy products) | Interviews were carried out 6.5 months (mean) after cancer diagnosis.
Soy protein:
Total mortality
(444 cases) | Recurrence/Breast cancer-specific mortality
(534 cases) |
HR = 0.71 (0.54-0.92) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/d):
≤ 5.31: HR = 1.
5.32-9.45: HR = 0.77 (0.59-1.00).
9.46-15.31: HR = 0.72 (0.55-0.94).
> 15.31: HR = 0.71 (0.54-0.92).
|
HR = 0.68 (0.54-0.87) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/d):
≤ 5.31: HR = 1.
5.32-9.45: HR = 0.77 (0.61-0.98).
9.46-15.31: HR = 0.69 (0.54-0.87).
> 15.31: HR = 0.68 (0.54-0.87).
|
Soy isoflavones:
Total mortality
(444 cases) | Recurrence/Breast cancer-specific mortality
(534 cases) |
HR = 0.79 (0.61-1.03) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mg/d):
≤ 20.00: HR = 1.
20.01-36.50: HR = 0.73 (0.56-0.95).
36.51-62.68: HR = 0.77 (0.59-1.00).
> 62.68: HR = 0.79 (0.61-1.03).
|
HR = 0.77 (0.60-0.98) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mg/d):
≤ 20.00: HR = 1.
20.01-36.50: HR = 0.84 (0.67-1.06).
36.51-62.68: HR = 0.65 (0.51-0.84).
> 62.68: HR = 0.77 (0.60-0.98).
|
The associations of soy protein/isoflavone intake with mortality and recurrence appear to follow a linear doseresponse pattern until soy protein intake reaches 11 g/d (or soy isoflavone intake reaches 40 mg/d). After these points, the association appears to level off or even rebound.
Soy protein and total mortality.
Stratified by ER-status and tamoxifen use:
ER-negative
(224 cases) | ER-Positive
(202 cases) | No tamoxifen use
(76 cases) | Tamoxifen use
(125 cases) |
HR = 0.78 (0.54-1.14) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/d):
≤ 5.31: HR = 1.
5.32-9.45: HR = 0.82 (0.57-1.18).
9.46-15.31: HR = 0.63 (0.42-0.94).
> 15.31: HR = 0.78 (0.54-1.14).
|
HR = 0.67 (0.45-1.00) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/d):
≤ 5.31: HR = 1.
5.32-9.45: HR = 0.79 (0.53-1.18).
9.46-15.31: HR = 0.88 (0.61-1.30).
> 15.31: HR = 0.67 (0.45-1.00).
|
HR = 0.65 (0.33-1.29) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/d):
≤ 5.31: HR = 1.
5.32-9.45: HR = 0.65 (0.33-1.29).
9.46-15.31: HR = 1.24 (0.69-2.22).
> 15.31: HR = 0.65 (0.33-1.29).
|
HR = 0.61 (0.34-1.08) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/d):
≤ 5.31: HR = 1.
5.32-9.45: HR = 0.79 (0.45-1.39).
9.46-15.31: HR = 0.62 (0.35-1.12).
> 15.31: HR = 0.61 (0.34-1.08).
|
Soy protein and recurrence/breast cancer-specific mortality.
Stratified by ER-status and tamoxifen use:
ER-negative
(267 cases) | ER-Positive
(255 cases) | No tamoxifen use
(96 cases) | Tamoxifen use
(158 cases) |
HR = 0.77 (0.54-1.09) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/d):
≤ 5.31: HR = 1.
5.32-9.45: HR = 0.93 (0.67-1.29).
9.46-15.31: HR = 0.67 (0.47-0.97).
> 15.31: HR = 0.77 (0.54-1.09).
|
HR = 0.69 (0.50-0.98) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/d):
≤ 5.31: HR = 1.
5.32-9.45: HR = 0.71 (0.50-1.01).
9.46-15.31: HR = 0.79 (0.56-1.10).
> 15.31: HR = 0.69 (0.50-0.98).
|
HR = 0.65 (0.36-1.17) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/d):
≤ 5.31: HR = 1.
5.32-9.45: HR = 0.73 (0.41-1.32).
9.46-15.31: HR = 1.10 (0.65-1.88).
> 15.31: HR = 0.65 (0.36-1.17).
|
HR = 0.66 (0.40-1.09) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/d):
≤ 5.31: HR = 1.
5.32-9.45: HR = 0.65 (0.39-1.09).
9.46-15.31: HR = 0.58 (0.34-0.98).
> 15.31: HR = 0.66 (0.40-1.09).
|
Soy isoflavones and total mortality.
Stratified by ER-status and tamoxifen use:
ER-negative
(224 cases) | ER-Positive
(202 cases) | No tamoxifen use
(76 cases) | Tamoxifen use
(125 cases) |
HR = 0.85 (0.58-1.24) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mg/d):
≤ 20.00: HR = 1.
20.01-36.50: HR = 0.81 (0.56-1.18).
36.51-62.68: HR = 0.77 (0.52-1.13).
> 62.68: HR = 0.85 (0.58-1.24).
|
HR = 0.78 (0.53-1.16) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mg/d):
≤ 20.00: HR = 1.
20.01-36.50: HR = 0.74 (0.50-1.11).
36.51-62.68: HR = 0.85 (0.58-1.24).
> 62.68: HR = 0.78 (0.53-1.16).
|
HR = 0.74 (0.38-1.43) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mg/d):
≤ 20.00: HR = 1.
20.01-36.50: HR = 0.72 (0.37-1.42).
36.51-62.68: HR = 1.15 (0.63-2.09).
> 62.68: HR = 0.74 (0.38-1.43).
|
HR = 0.74 (0.42-1.29) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mg/d):
≤ 20.00: HR = 1.
20.01-36.50: HR = 0.69 (0.39-1.23).
36.51-62.68: HR = 0.62 (0.34-1.12).
> 62.68: HR = 0.74 (0.42-1.29).
|
Soy isoflavones and recurrence/breast cancer-specific mortality.
Stratified by ER-status and tamoxifen use:
ER-negative
(267 cases) | ER-Positive
(255 cases) | No tamoxifen use
(96 cases) | Tamoxifen use
(158 cases) |
HR = 0.88 (0.62-1.25) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mg/d):
≤ 20.00: HR = 1.
20.01-36.50: HR = 1.01 (0.72-1.40).
36.51-62.68: HR = 0.62 (0.43-0.89).
> 62.68: HR = 0.88 (0.62-1.25).
|
HR = 0.77 (0.54-1.09) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mg/d):
≤ 20.00: HR = 1.
20.01-36.50: HR = 0.80 (0.56-1.14).
36.51-62.68: HR = 0.78 (0.55-1.10).
> 62.68: HR = 0.77 (0.54-1.09).
|
HR = 0.71 (0.39-1.28) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mg/d):
≤ 20.00: HR = 1.
20.01-36.50: HR = 0.84 (0.47-1.50).
36.51-62.68: HR = 1.04 (0.61-1.77).
> 62.68: HR = 0.71 (0.39-1.28).
|
HR = 0.73 (0.44-1.19) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mg/d):
≤ 20.00: HR = 1.
20.01-36.50: HR = 0.71 (0.43-1.18).
36.51-62.68: HR = 0.58 (0.34-0.98).
> 62.68: HR = 0.73 (0.44-1.19).
|
The inverse association was evident for women with early and late-stage cancers.
Tamoxifen use:
Among women whose soy food intake was in the highest quartiles, tamoxifen use did not appear to confer any additional benefit. The HRs for recurrence associated with the highest quartile of soy protein intake were 0.65 (95% CI, 0.36-1.17) for nonusers of tamoxifen and 0.66 (95% CI, 0.40-1.09) for tamoxifen users, both of which were lower than the HRs among women who were in the lowest quartile of soy food intake and used tamoxifen (HR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.58-1.51).Soy food intake was treated as a time-dependent variable. Hazard ratios were adjusted for age at diagnosis, TNM stage, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, type of surgery received, body mass index, menopausal status, ER and progesterone receptor status, tamoxifen use, education level, income, cruciferous vegetable intake, total meat intake, vitamin supplement use, tea consumption, and physical activity. |
| 41) Lee SA (2009) | The Shanghai Women's Health Study | 73,223 women aged 40-70.
(China) | 7.4
(1996-2000 to 2005) | 594?
(305 premenopausal, and 289 postmenopausal) | Breast cancer incidence | Soy protein, and soy isoflavones (soy milk; tofu; soy products other than tofu; dried soybeans; fresh soybeans; and soybean sprouts [adulthood only]) | A second FFQ was completed 2-3 y after the baseline survey by 92% of the cohort members to examine results from average consumption.
Soy protein:
| Baseline consumption | Average consumption |
RR = 0.86 (0.65-1.13; P = 0.499) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/d):
≤ 4.87: RR = 1.
4.88-7.11: RR = 0.97 (0.75-1.25).
7.12-9.48: RR = 0.88 (0.68-1.15).
9.49-12.83: RR = 1.05 (0.81-1.35).
≥ 12.84: RR = 0.86 (0.65-1.13).
|
RR = 0.89 (0.66-1.15; P = 0.158) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/d):
≤ 4.87: RR = 1.
4.88-7.11: RR = 1.00 (0.78-1.29).
7.12-9.48: RR = 0.86 (0.67-1.12).
9.49-12.83: RR = 0.85 (0.65-1.11).
≥ 12.84: RR = 0.89 (0.66-1.15).
|
Isoflavones:
| Baseline consumption | Average consumption |
RR = 0.86 (0.65-1.13; P = 0.514) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mg/d):
≤ 15.93: RR = 1.
15.94-23.88: RR = 0.92 (0.71-1.19).
23.89-32.43: RR = 0.96 (0.75-1.24).
32.44-44.23: RR = 1.00 (0.77-1.29).
54.97: RR = 0.86 (0.65-1.13).
|
RR = 0.81 (0.61-1.07; P = 0.091) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mg/d):
≤ 15.93: RR = 1.
15.94-23.88: RR = 0.87 (0.67-1.12).
23.89-32.43: RR = 1.02 (0.80-1.30).
32.44-44.23: RR = 0.77 (0.58-1.00).
54.97: RR = 0.81 (0.61-1.07).
|
Soy protein.
Stratified by menopausal status:
Premenopausal.
Baseline consumption | Premenopausal.
Average consumption | Postmenopausal.
Baseline consumption | Postmenopausal.
Average consumption |
RR = 0.68 (0.45-1.02; P = 0.093) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/d):
≤ 4.87: RR = 1.
4.88-7.11: RR = 0.97 (0.70-1.35).
7.12-9.48: RR = 0.83 (0.58-1.18).
9.49-12.83: RR = 0.93 (0.65-1.31).
≥ 12.84: RR = 0.68 (0.45-1.02).
|
RR = 0.41 (0.24-0.70; P = < 0.001) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/d):
≤ 4.87: RR = 1.
4.88-7.11: RR = 0.79 (0.54-1.15).
7.12-9.48: RR = 0.59 (0.39-0.91).
9.49-12.83: RR = 0.62 (0.40-0.95).
≥ 12.84: RR = 0.41 (0.25-0.70).
|
RR = 1.08 (0.72-1.61; P = 0.396) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/d):
≤ 4.87: RR = 1.
4.88-7.11: RR = 0.98 (0.66-1.47).
7.12-9.48: RR = 0.98 (0.66-1.46).
9.49-12.83: RR = 1.23 (0.84-1.81).
≥ 12.84: RR = 1.08 (0.72-1.61).
|
RR = 1.22 (0.87-1.71; P = 0.504) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/d):
≤ 4.87: RR = 1.
4.88-7.11: RR = 1.21 (0.87-1.69).
7.12-9.48: RR = 1.11 (0.80-1.56).
9.49-12.83: RR = 1.07 (0.76-1.50).
≥ 12.84: RR = 1.22 (0.87-1.71).
|
Isoflavones.
Stratified by menopausal status:
Premenopausal.
Baseline consumption | Premenopausal.
Average consumption | Postmenopausal.
Baseline consumption | Postmenopausal.
Average consumption |
RR = 0.65 (0.43-0.97; P = 0.034) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mg/d):
≤ 15.93: RR = 1.
15.94-23.88: RR = 0.85 (0.61-1.18).
23.89-32.43: RR = 0.89 (0.64-1.25).
32.44-44.23: RR = 0.75 (0.53-1.08).
54.97: RR = 0.65 (0.43-0.97).
|
RR = 0.44 (0.26-0.73; P = < 0.001) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mg/d):
≤ 15.93: RR = 1.
15.94-23.88: RR = 0.66 (0.44-0.98).
23.89-32.43: RR = 0.80 (0.55-1.18).
32.44-44.23: RR = 0.48 (0.30-0.77).
54.97: RR = 0.44 (0.26-0.73).
|
RR = 1.16 (0.78-1.74; P = 0.191) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mg/d):
≤ 15.93: RR = 1.
15.94-23.88: RR = 1.04 (0.69-1.56).
23.89-32.43: RR = 1.11 (0.74-1.66).
32.44-44.23: RR = 1.38 (0.94-2.02).
54.97: RR = 1.16 (0.78-1.74).
|
RR = 1.09 (0.78-1.52; P = 0.800) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mg/d):
≤ 15.93: RR = 1.
15.94-23.88: RR = 1.05 (0.76-1.47).
23.89-32.43: RR = 1.22 (0.88-1.68).
32.44-44.23: RR = 1.00 (0.71-1.40).
54.97: RR = 1.09 (0.78-1.52).
|
Soy protein during adolescence:
| All women | premenopausal | postmenopausal |
RR = 0.97 (0.75-1.27; P = 0.970) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/d):
≤ 4.87: RR = 1.
4.88-7.11: RR = 0.92 (0.71-1.19).
7.12-9.48: RR = 1.07 (0.83-1.38).
9.49-12.83: RR = 0.98 (0.76-1.27).
≥ 12.84: RR = 0.97 (0.75-1.27).
|
RR = 0.57 (0.34-0.97; P = 0.061) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/d):
≤ 4.87: RR = 1.
4.88-7.11: RR = 0.78 (0.52-1.18).
7.12-9.48: RR = 0.87 (0.58-1.31).
9.49-12.83: RR = 0.77 (0.50-1.18).
≥ 12.84: RR = 0.57 (0.34-0.97).
|
RR = 1.20 (0.87-1.65; P = 0.200) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/d):
≤ 4.87: RR = 1.
4.88-7.11: RR = 1.01 (0.72-1.41).
7.12-9.48: RR = 1.22 (0.88-1.68).
9.49-12.83: RR = 1.13 (0.82-1.56).
≥ 12.84: RR = 1.20 (0.87-1.65).
|
Isoflavones during adolescence:
| All women | premenopausal | postmenopausal |
RR = 1.19 (0.91-1.55; P = 0.196) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mg/d):
≤ 15.93: RR = 1.
15.94-23.88: RR = 1.07 (0.82-1.39).
23.89-32.43: RR = 1.04 (0.80-1.36).
32.44-44.23: RR = 1.12 (0.86-1.45).
54.97: RR = 1.19 (0.91-1.55).
|
RR = 0.89 (0.57-1.40; P = 0.452) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mg/d):
≤ 15.93: RR = 1.
15.94-23.88: RR = 0.91 (0.59-1.40).
23.89-32.43: RR = 0.76 (0.48-1.18).
32.44-44.23: RR = 0.79 (0.51-1.24).
54.97: RR = 0.89 (0.57-1.40).
|
RR = 1.38 (1.00-1.91; P = 0.038) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mg/d):
≤ 15.93: RR = 1.
15.94-23.88: RR = 1.17 (0.83-1.64).
23.89-32.43: RR = 1.23 (0.88-1.72).
32.44-44.23: RR = 1.33 (0.96-1.85).
54.97: RR = 1.38 (1.00-1.91).
|
Joint effect of soy protein intake during adulthood and adolescence on premenopausal breast cancer risk:
| < 6.39 g during adulthood | 6.39-10.40 g during adulthood | ≥ 1.41 g during adulthood |
RR = 0.62 (0.33-1.19) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption during adolescence.
Amount specific data (g/d):
≤ 4.00: RR = 1.
4.01-8.04: RR = 0.96 (0.62-1.49).
≥ 8.05: RR = 0.62 (0.33-1.19).
|
RR = 0.67 (0.39-1.15) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption during adolescence.
Amount specific data (g/d):
≤ 4.00: RR = 0.57 (0.32-0.99).
4.01-8.04: RR = 0.56 (0.33-0.94).
≥ 8.05: RR = 0.67 (0.39-1.15).
|
RR = 0.41 (0.22-0.75) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption during adolescence.
Amount specific data (g/d):
≤ 4.00: RR = 1.
4.01-8.04: RR = 0.59 (0.34-1.03).
≥ 8.05: RR = 0.41 (0.22-0.75).
|
Age, education, physical activity, age at first live birth, BMI, season of recruitment, family history of breast cancer, and total energy intake.
Further adjustment for other dietary factors, such as the consumption of red meat, fruit, vegetables, and carotenoids, did not materially change the soy and breast cancer association (data not shown). |
| 40) Guha N (2009) | The Life After Cancer Epidemiology (LACE) Study | 1,954 mostly Caucasian women aged 18-79 diagnosed with breast cancer (Stage I ≥ 1 cm, II or IIIA) with complete cancer treatment, and free of any recurrence; from the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Cancer registry, the Utah Cancer registry, and a subset of women who declined participation in the WHEL trial. | 6.3
(1997-2000 to 2008) | See variables | Breast cancer recurrence
(distant, local/regional, and opposite breast) | Soy isoflavones from tofu and soy milk (soy yoghurt, soy frozen yoghurt, soy ice cream, soy cheese, soy hot dogs and cold cuts, other meat substitutes made from soy, tempeh, miso, soybeans, roasted soy nuts, soy sauce, soybean sprouts, alfalfa sprouts, and protein power supplements made from soy) |
Daidzein:
All women
(266 cases) | Premenopausal
(54 cases) | Postmenopausal
(171 cases) |
HR = 0.96 (0.52-1.76; P = 0.20) for the highest vs lowest sextile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mcg/day):
0: HR = 1.
0.10-7.77: HR = 1.16 (0.81-1.68).
7.78-149.59: HR = 0.87 (0.60-1.26).
149.60-1,453.00: HR = 0.97 (0.68-1.41).
1,453.10-9,596,54: HR = 0.71 (0.45-1.11).
≥ 9,596.55: HR = 0.96 (0.52-1.76).
|
HR = 1.74 (0.63-4.76; P = 0.79) for the highest vs lowest sextile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mcg/day):
0: HR = 1.
0.10-7.77: HR = 0.94 (0.33-2.66).
7.78-149.59: HR = 1.26 (0.52-3.10).
149.60-1,453.00: HR = 0.78 (0.31-1.93).
1,453.10-9,596,54: HR = 0.85 (0.34-2.14).
≥ 9,596.55: HR = 1.74 (0.63-4.76).
|
HR = 0.70 (0.27-1.77; P = 0.08) for the highest vs lowest sextile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mcg/day):
0: HR = 1.
0.10-7.77: HR = 1.15 (0.75-1.76).
7.78-149.59: HR = 0.77 (0.49-1.20).
149.60-1,453.00: HR = 1.08 (0.70-1.69).
1,453.10-9,596,54: HR = 0.48 (0.24-0.93; P = ≤ 0.05).
≥ 9,596.55: HR = 0.70 (0.27-1.77).
Among ever users of tamoxifen:
HR = 0.41 (0.21-0.79; P = 0.006) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mcg/day):
0-7.6: HR = 1.
7.7-1,452.9: HR = not defined, but similar to the lowest tertile of consumption.
≥ 1,453: HR = 0.41 (0.21-0.79; P = 0.008).
|
Daidzein.
Stratified by hormone receptor status and tamoxifen use:
ER- and PR-
(43 cases) | ER+ or PR+
(223 cases) | Never tamoxifen
(61 cases) | Ever tamoxifen
(209 cases) |
HR = 1.45 (0.43-4.95; P = 0.38) for the highest vs lowest sextile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mcg/day):
0: HR = 1.
0.10-7.77: HR = 1.69 (0.73-3.91).
7.78-149.59: HR = 0.96 (0.36-2.53).
149.60-1,453.00: HR = 0.73 (0.26-2.03).
1,453.10-9,596,54: HR = 0.36 (0.08-1.69).
≥ 9,596.55: HR = 1.45 (0.43-4.95).
|
HR = 0.82 (0.40-1.68; P = 0.29) for the highest vs lowest sextile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mcg/day):
0: HR = 1.
0.10-7.77: HR = 1.08 (0.72-1.63).
7.78-149.59: HR = 0.86 (0.57-1.28).
149.60-1,453.00: HR = 1.01 (0.68-1.50).
1,453.10-9,596,54: HR = 0.76 (0.48-1.23).
≥ 9,596.55: HR = 0.82 (0.40-1.68).
|
HR = 2.40 (0.93-6.18; P = 0.69) for the highest vs lowest sextile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mcg/day):
0: HR = 1.
0.10-7.77: HR = 1.63 (0.72-3.68).
7.78-149.59: HR = 1.31 (0.58-2.99).
149.60-1,453.00: HR = 0.93 (0.39-2.22).
1,453.10-9,596,54: HR = 0.69 (0.23-2.08).
≥ 9,596.55: HR = 2.40 (0.93-6.18; P = ≤ 0.10).
|
HR = 0.48 (0.19-1.21; P = 0.10) for the highest vs lowest sextile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mcg/day):
0: HR = 1.
0.10-7.77: HR = 1.12 (0.75-1.69).
7.78-149.59: HR = 0.78 (0.52-1.19).
149.60-1,453.00: HR = 1.00 (0.67-1.50).
1,453.10-9,596,54: HR = 0.73 (0.45-1.20).
≥ 9,596.55: HR = 0.48 (0.19-1.21).
|
Genistein:
All women
(266 cases) | Premenopausal
(54 cases) | Postmenopausal
(171 cases) |
HR = 0.95 (0.52-1.75; P = 0.24) for the highest vs lowest sextile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mcg/day):
0: HR = 1.
0.10-6.99: HR = 1.09 (0.76-1.58).
7.00-220.61: HR = 0.92 (0.64-1.34).
220.62-2,184.8: HR = 0.97 (0.67-1.40).
2,199.82-13,025.87: HR = 0.72 (0.46-1.13).
≥ 13,025.88: HR = 0.95 (0.52-1.75).
|
HR = 1.75 (0.65-4.76; P = 0.82) for the highest vs lowest sextile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mcg/day):
0: HR = 1.
0.10-6.99: HR = 0.93 (0.34-2.55).
7.00-220.61: HR = 1.32 (0.54-3.21).
220.62-2,184.8: HR = 0.75 (0.30-1.90).
2,199.82-13,025.87: HR = 0.83 (0.33-2.08).
≥ 13,025.88: HR = 1.75 (0.65-4.76).
|
HR = 0.69 (0.27-1.75; P = 0.16) for the highest vs lowest sextile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mcg/day):
0: HR = 1.
0.10-6.99: HR = 1.02 (0.66-1.58).
7.00-220.61: HR = 0.86 (0.55-1.34).
220.62-2,184.8: HR = 1.03 (0.66-1.61).
2,199.82-13,025.87: HR = 0.57 (0.31-1.08; P = ≤ 0.10).
≥ 13,025.88: HR = 0.69 (0.27-1.75).
|
Genistein.
Stratified by hormone receptor status and tamoxifen use:
ER- and PR-
(43 cases) | ER+ or PR+
(223 cases) | Never tamoxifen
(61 cases) | Ever tamoxifen
(209 cases) |
HR = 1.34 (0.39-4.57; P = 0.38) for the highest vs lowest sextile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mcg/day):
0: HR = 1.
0.10-6.99: HR = 1.72 (0.75-3.94).
7.00-220.61: HR = 0.81 (0.27-2.38).
220.62-2,184.8: HR = 0.83 (0.31-2.21).
2,199.82-13,025.87: HR = 0.38 (0.08-1.79).
≥ 13,025.88: HR = 1.34 (0.39-1.57).
|
HR = 0.83 (0.40-1.69; P = 0.35) for the highest vs lowest sextile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mcg/day):
0: HR = 1.
0.10-6.99: HR = 1.00 (0.66-1.51).
7.00-220.61: HR = 0.93 (0.62-1.39).
220.62-2,184.8: HR = 0.99 (0.66-1.47).
2,199.82-13,025.87: HR = 0.77 (0.48-1.24).
≥ 13,025.88: HR = 0.83 (0.40-1.69).
|
HR = 2.42 (0.95-6.21; P = 0.72) for the highest vs lowest sextile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mcg/day):
0: HR = 1.
0.10-6.99: HR = 1.70 (0.76-3.79).
7.00-220.61: HR = 1.25 (0.53-2.95).
220.62-2,184.8: HR = 0.96 (0.41-2.22).
2,199.82-13,025.87: HR = 0.70 (0.23-2.10).
≥ 13,025.88: HR = 2.42 (0.95-6.21; P = ≤ 0.10).
|
HR = 0.48 (0.19-1.22; P = 0.13) for the highest vs lowest sextile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mcg/day):
0: HR = 1.
0.10-6.99: HR = 1.02 (0.68-1.54).
7.00-220.61: HR = 0.86 (0.57-1.31).
220.62-2,184.8: HR = 0.99 (0.66-1.48).
2,199.82-13,025.87: HR = 0.74 (0.45-1.21).
≥ 13,025.88: HR = 0.48 (0.19-1.22).
|
Glycetin:
All women
(266 cases) | Premenopausal
(54 cases) | Postmenopausal
(171 cases) |
HR = 0.80 (0.42-1.50; P = 0.10) for the highest vs lowest sextile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mcg/day):
0-3.61: HR = 1.
3.62-8.16: HR = 1.01 (0.71-1.43).
8.17-14.99: HR = 0.68 (0.46-1.01; P = ≤ 0.10).
15.00-78.53: HR = 0.75 (0.51-1.12).
78.54-795.39: HR = 0.78 (0.50-1.22).
≥ 795.40: HR = 0.80 (0.42-1.50).
|
HR = 1.60 (0.54-4.72; P = 0.89) for the highest vs lowest sextile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mcg/day):
0-3.61: HR = 1.
3.62-8.16: HR = 1.35 (0.56-3.30).
8.17-14.99: HR = 0.86 (0.33-2.25).
15.00-78.53: HR = 0.98 (0.39-2.47).
78.54-795.39: HR = 0.72 (0.27-1.93).
≥ 795.40: HR = 1.60 (0.54-4.72).
|
HR = 0.51 (0.18-1.38; P = 0.06) for the highest vs lowest sextile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mcg/day):
0-3.61: HR = 1.
3.62-8.16: HR = 1.08 (0.70-1.66).
8.17-14.99: HR = 0.70 (0.43-1.12).
15.00-78.53: HR = 0.68 (0.41-1.14).
78.54-795.39: HR = 0.84 (0.47-1.52).
≥ 795.40: HR = 0.51 (0.18-1.38).
|
Glycetin.
Stratified by hormone receptor status and tamoxifen use:
ER- and PR-
(43 cases) | ER+ or PR+
(223 cases) | Never tamoxifen
(61 cases) | Ever tamoxifen
(209 cases) |
HR = 0.38 (0.08-1.79; P = 0.29) for the highest vs lowest sextile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mcg/day):
0-3.61: HR = 1.
3.62-8.16: HR = 0.31 (0.11-0.81).
8.17-14.99: HR = 0.23 (0.07-0.73).
15.00-78.53: HR = 0.89 (0.38-2.09).
78.54-795.39: HR = 0.32 (0.09-1.19).
≥ 795.40: HR = 0.38 (0.08-1.79).
|
HR = 0.94 (0.47-1.89; P = 0.17) for the highest vs lowest sextile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mcg/day):
0-3.61: HR = 1.
3.62-8.16: HR = 1.22 (0.83-1.81).
8.17-14.99: HR = 0.81 (0.53-1.25).
15.00-78.53: HR = 0.73 (0.46-1.15).
78.54-795.39: HR = 0.87 (0.54-1.41).
≥ 795.40: HR = 0.94 (0.47-1.89).
|
HR = 0.68 (0.22-2.12; P = 0.82) for the highest vs lowest sextile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mcg/day):
0-3.61: HR = 1.
3.62-8.16: HR = 0.32 (0.13-0.78; P = ≤ 0.05).
8.17-14.99: HR = 0.26 (0.10-0.73; P = ≤ 0.05).
15.00-78.53: HR = 0.83 (0.40-1.74).
78.54-795.39: HR = 0.87 (0.37-2.01).
≥ 795.40: HR = 0.68 (0.22-2.12).
|
HR = 0.85 (0.40-1.80; P = 0.05) for the highest vs lowest sextile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mcg/day):
0-3.61: HR = 1.
3.62-8.16: HR = 1.26 (0.85-1.87).
8.17-14.99: HR = 0.82 (0.53-1.26).
15.00-78.53: HR = 0.69 (0.43-1.10).
78.54-795.39: HR = 0.77 (0.46-1.28).
≥ 795.40: HR = 0.85 (0.40-1.80).
|
Soy supplement use, BMI 1 year before diagnosis, menopausal status, tobacco pack-years, tumor stage, ER status, age, race, and kilocalories. |
| 39) Wu AH (2008) | The Singapore Chinese Health Study | 35,303 women aged 45-74. | 1993-98 to 2005 | See variables. | Breast cancer risk | Soy isoflavones (from the summation of the genistein, daidzein, and glycitein contents) |
All subjects
(629 cases) | Premenopausal
(190 cases) | Postmenopausal
(439 cases) |
| RR = 0.82 (0.70-0.97; P = 0.019)
|
RR = 1.04 (0.77-1.40; P = 0.82)
|
RR = 0.74 (0.61-0.90; P = 0.003)
|
Postmenopausal women.
Stratified by BMI:
≤ 24
(200 cases) | > 24
(239 cases) |
| RR = 0.83 (0.62-1.11; P = 0.21)
|
RR = 0.67 (0.51-0.88; P = 0.004)
|
Postmenopausal women:
Stratified by hormone receptor status:
HR positive
(183, 130, and 126 cases, respectively) | HR negative
(92, 143, and 86 cases, respectively) |
ER+: RR = 0.67 (0.49-0.91; P = 0.01).
PR+: RR = 0.69 (0.48-1.00; P = 0.047).
ER+PR+: RR = 0.70 (0.48-1.01; P = 0.060).
|
u>ER-: RR = 0.66 (0.42-1.02; P = 0.06).
PR-: RR = 0.67 (0.47-0.95; P = 0.02).
ER-PR-: RR = 0.70 (0.45-1.10; P = 0.12).
|
Stratified by length of follow-up:
0-< 10 years
(556, and 385 cases, respectively) | 10+ years
(73, and 54 cases, respectively) |
All subjects: RR = 0.88 (0.74-1.05; P = 0.16).
Postmenopausal: RR = 0.81 (0.66-1.01; P = 0.057).
|
All subjects: RR = 0.48 (0.29-0.78; P = 0.003).
Postmenopausal: RR = 0.38 (0.21-0.68; P = 0.001).
|
All RRs are for ≥ 10.6 vs < 10.6 mg soy isoflavone/1000 kcal (10 mg soy isoflavones per day = one standard serving of tofu).Age, years of interview, dialect, education, family history of breast cancer, parity, age when period became regular, menopausal status, BMI, and n-3 fatty acid.
Results were unchanged after adjustment for intake of green tea, tobacco smoking, alcohol intake, and history of diabetes (data not shown). |
| 36) Iso H (2007) | The JACC Study. | 55,969 women.
(Japan) | Not defined. | 94 | Breast cancer mortality | Tukudani (soy sauce-preserved foods) |
HR = 0.84 (0.45-1.55) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 0.99 (0.58-1.69).
≥ 3/w: HR = 0.84 (0.45-1.55).
| Age and study area. |
| 36) Nishio K. (2007) | The JACC Study. | 30,454 women aged 40-79.
(Japan) | 7.6
(1988-90 to 1997) | 145
(of which 92 postmenopausal) | Breast cancer risk | Tofu (soybean curd), boiled beans, and miso soup (fermented soybean paste) |
Boiled beans:
| All women | Postmenopausal women |
HR = 0.77 (0.47-1.27; P = 0.31) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of intake):
< 1 time/week: HR = 1.
1-2 times/week: HR = 0.91 (0.61-1.37).
≥ 3 times/week: HR = 0.77 (0.47-1.27).
|
HR = 0.89 (0.50-1.59; P = 0.75) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of intake):
< 1 time/wk: HR = 1.
1-2 times/wk: HR = 1.03 (0.63-1.70).
≥ 3 times/wk: HR = 0.89 (0.50-1.59).
|
All 3 soy products:
| All women | Postmenopausal women |
In the highest categories of all three soy products: HR = 1.42 (0.84-2.40; P = 0.43).
Others: HR = 1.
In the lowest categories of all 3 soy products: HR = 1.21 (0.55-2.65).
|
In the highest categories of all three soy products: HR = 0.88 (0.41-1.89; P = 0.85).
Others: HR = 1.
In the lowest categories of all 3 soy products: HR = 0.93 (0.33-2.61).
|
Age, study area, family history of breast cancer, age at menopause, age at first birth, parity, use of exogenous female hormone, smoking, consumption of green leafy vegetables, walking time, BMI, and total energy. |
| 29) Boyapati SM (2005) | The Shanghai Breast Cancer Study | 1155 women aged 25-74 with primary breast cancer from a case-control study. | 5.2
(1996-98 to 2003) | See variables | Death | Soy protein, and soy isoflavones (soymilk, tofu, dry soybeans, soy products other than tofu, fresh soybeans, and soybean sprouts) | Soy food intake was measured after diagnosis of breast cancer, but was collected with the reference period being 5 years prior to breast cancer diagnosis..
Total soy protein:
(297 cases) | Total isoflavones
(296 cases) |
HR = 0.99 (0.73-1.33; P = 0.98) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Tertiles not defined):
T1: HR = 1.
T2: HR = 1.04 (0.79-1.37).
T3: HR = 0.99 (0.73-1.33).
Results were equal among those with no recent dietary change. HRs for increasing tertiles: 1, 0.86 (0.56-1.32), and 1.19 (0.78-1.80), among a total of 138 cases.
|
HR = 1.06 (0.79-1.42; P = 0.64) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Tertiles not defined):
T1: HR = 1.
T2: HR = 1.02 (0.77-1.25).
T3: HR = 1.06 (0.79-1.42).
Results were equal among those with no recent dietary change. HRs for increasing tertiles: 1, 0.83 (0.55-1.25), and 0.95 (0.62-1.45), among a total of 138 cases.
|
Total soy protein. Stratified by ER/PR status:
ER+/PR+
(107 cases) | ER-/PR-
(53 cases) | Mixed
(42 cases) |
HR = 1.09 (0.62-1.91; P = 0.78) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Tertiles not defined):
T1: HR = 1.
T2: HR = 0.91 (0.53-1.58).
T3: HR = 1.09 (0.62-1.91).
|
HR = 0.75 (0.29-1.89; P = 0.52) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Tertiles not defined):
T1: HR = 1.
T2: HR = 0.81 (0.37-1.77).
T3: HR = 0.75 (0.29-1.89).
|
HR = 1.91 (0.71-5.10; P = 0.23) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Tertiles not defined):
T1: HR = 1.
T2: HR = 2.48 (0.95-6.51).
T3: HR = 1.91 (0.71-5.10).
|
Total soy protein. Stratified by TNM:
Stages 0-1
(59 cases) | Stages ≥ 2
(238 cases) |
HR = 0.85 (0.42-1.68; P = 0.56) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Tertiles not defined):
T1: HR = 1.
T2: HR = 1.18 (0.61-2.28).
T3: HR = 0.85 (0.42-1.68).
|
HR = 1.04 (0.75-1.46; P = 0.78) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Tertiles not defined):
T1: HR = 1.
T2: HR = 0.97 (0.71-1.33).
T3: HR = 1.04 (0.75-1.46).
|
Total soy protein. Stratified by age at diagnosis:
< median
(140 cases) | ≥ median
(154 cases) |
HR = 0.98 (0.64-1.51; P = 0.86) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Tertiles not defined):
T1: HR = 1.
T2: HR = 1.08 (0.61-2.28).
T3: HR = 0.98 (0.64-1.51).
|
HR = 0.92 (0.61-1.39; P = 0.75) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Tertiles not defined):
T1: HR = 1.
T2: HR = 0.98 (0.65-1.43).
T3: HR = 0.92 (0.61-1.39).
|
Total soy protein. Stratified by BMI:
< 23.2
(96 cases) | ≥ 23.2
(164 cases) |
HR = 1.07 (0.68-1.69; P = 0.72) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Tertiles not defined):
T1: HR = 1.
T2: HR = 0.93 (0.61-1.40).
T3: HR = 1.07 (0.68-1.69).
|
HR = 0.94 (0.63-1.41; P = 0.91) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Tertiles not defined):
T1: HR = 1.
T2: HR = 1.23 (0.84-1.81).
T3: HR = 0.94 (0.63-1.41).
|
Total soy protein. Stratified by WHR:
< 0.81
(142 cases) | ≥ 0.81
(151 cases) |
HR = 0.91 (0.59-1.42; P = 0.73) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Tertiles not defined):
T1: HR = 1.
T2: HR = 0.98 (0.66-1.46).
T3: HR = 0.91 (0.59-1.42).
|
HR = 1.02 (0.68-1.54; P = 0.68) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Tertiles not defined):
T1: HR = 1.
T2: HR = 1.20 (0.81-1.80).
T3: HR = 1.02 (0.68-1.54).
|
Total soy protein. Stratified by menopausal status:
Premenopausal
(177 cases) | Postmenopausal
(120 cases) |
HR = 1.09 (0.74-1.60; P = 0.60) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Tertiles not defined):
T1: HR = 1.
T2: HR = 1.11 (0.77-1.59).
T3: HR = 1.09 (0.74-1.60).
|
HR = 0.79 (0.49-1.28; P = 0.34) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Tertiles not defined):
T1: HR = 1.
T2: HR = 0.86 (0.55-1.34).
T3: HR = 0.79 (0.49-1.28).
|
Age at diagnosis, stage of disease, radiotherapy, ER/PR status, and total energy intake. |
| 21) Travis RC (2008) | The EPIC-Oxford Cohort. | 37,643 women aged 20-89 from the British part of the EPIC Study. | 7.4
(1993-99 to 2003) | 585 | Breast cancer incidence
(including 67 in situ cases) | Isoflavones from soy foods and soy milk/soy dairy only |
HR = 1.17 (0.79-1.71; P = 0.36) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (mg/day):
< 10: HR = 1.
10-< 20: HR = 1.08 (0.85-1.38).
20+: HR = 1.17 (0.79-1.71).
Premenopausal:
(196 cases) | Postmenopausal:
(290 cases) | Non-HRT users:
(433 cases) |
| HR = 1.31 (0.95-1.81) for consumption ≥ 10 vs < 10 mg isoflavones/day.
|
HR = 0.95 (0.66-1.38) for consumption ≥ 10 vs < 10 mg isoflavones/day.
|
HR = 1.16 (0.92-1.48) for consumption ≥ 10 vs < 10 mg isoflavones/day.
|
When the analyses were repeated with the endpoint restricted to invasive breast cancer (518 cases) the results were similar to those obtained for all breast cancer cases.Height, BMI, age at menarche, age at first birth and parity, and age at first birth, alcohol consumption, daily energy intake, menopausal status, and current HRT use. |
| 20) Yamamoto S. (2003) | The JPHC Study. | 21,852 female residents aged 40-59.
(Japan) | 1990-1999 | 179 | Breast cancer risk
(excluding in situ cases) | Soyfoods (soybeans, tofu [soybean curd], deep-fried tofu, and natto [fermented soy beans]) |
RR = 0.81 (0.49-1.3; P = 0.44) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 2 times/wk: RR = 1.
3-4 times/wk: RR = 0.83 (0.52-1.3).
Almost daily: RR = 0.81 (0.49-1.3).
Effect modification:
Consumption of soyfoods was inversely associated with breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women (P = 0.031).
| Area, age, age at menarche, number of pregnancies, menopausal status, age at first pregnancy, active and passive smoking, alcohol, leisure-time physical activity, education, total energy, and meat, fish, vegetable, and fruit consumption. |
| 10) Greenstein J (1996) | The Iowa Women's Health Study | 34,388 postmenopausal women. | 1986-93 | 1,018? | Breast cancer incidence | Soy or tofu | A suggestion of an inverse association: RR = 0.76 (0.50-1.18) for consumers vs nonconsumers. | Major breast cancer risk factors (not defined). |
Prospective studies of tofu and breast cancer:
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 36) Iso H (2007) | The JACC Study. | 60,624 women.
(Japan) | Not defined. | 100 | Breast cancer mortality | Tofu (soybean curd) |
HR = 1.86 (1.02-3.38; P = < 0.05) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 3/w: HR = 1.
3-4/w: HR = 2.13 (1.20-3.78; P = < 0.05).
≥ 5/w: HR = 1.86 (1.02-3.38).
| Age and study area. |
| 36) Nishio K. (2007) | The JACC Study. | 30,454 women aged 40-79.
(Japan) | 7.6
(1988-90 to 1997) | 145
(of which 92 postmenopausal) | Breast cancer risk | Tofu (soybean curd) |
Tofu:
| All women | Postmenopausal women |
HR = 1.14 (0.74-1.77; P = 0.55) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of intake):
< 3 times/week: HR = 1.
3-4 times/week: HR = 1.17 (0.77-1.78).
Almost daily: HR = 1.14 (0.74-1.77).
|
HR = 1.43 (0.81-2.52; P = 0.23) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of intake):
≤ 2 times/wk: HR = 1.
3-4 times/wk: HR = 1.64 (0.96-2.81).
Almost daily: HR = 1.43 (0.81-2.52).
|
Age, study area, family history of breast cancer, age at menopause, age at first birth, parity, use of exogenous female hormone, smoking, consumption of green leafy vegetables, walking time, BMI, and total energy. |
| 25) Wang L (2009) | The Women's Health Study | 38,408 female health professionals aged ≥ 45.
(USA) | 11.5
(1992-95 to 2007) | 1,351? | Breast cancer incidence | Tofu | Risk did not materially change with intake (data not shown). | Age, race, total energy, randomized treatment assignment, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, postmenopausal status, hormone replacement therapy use, multivitamin use, family history of colorectal cancer, ovary cancer, or breast cancer, and intake of fruit and vegetables, fiber, folate, and saturated fat. |
| 13) Key TJ (1999) | The Hiroshima/Nagasaki Life Span Study. | 34,759 women.
(Japan) | 1969-70 and/or 1979-81 to 1993 | 390 | Breast cancer incidence | Tofu (soya bean curd) |
RR = 1.07 (0.78-1.47; P = 0.712) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of consumption):
≤ 1/week: RR = 1.
2-4/week: RR = 0.99 (0.80-1.24).
≥ 5/week: RR = 1.07 (0.78-1.47).
Stratified by age of diagnosis:
| < 50 | ≥ 50 |
RR = 1.16 (0.56-2.38) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of consumption):
≤ 1/week: RR = 1.
2-4/week: RR = 1.30 (0.82-2.08).
≥ 5/week: RR = 1.16 (0.56-2.38).
|
RR = 1.05 (0.73-1.49) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of consumption):
≤ 1/week: RR = 1.
2-4/week: RR = 0.92 (0.72-1.17).
≥ 5/week: RR = 1.05 (0.73-1.49).
|
Further adjustment for parity and age at first birth, age at menarche, age at menopause, body mass index and education level had little effect on these estimates (results not shown).Age, calendar period, city, age at time of bombing and radiation dose. |
Prospective studies of miso soup and breast cancer:
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 36) Iso H (2007) | The JACC Study. | 58,494 women.
(Japan) | Not defined. | 95 | Breast cancer mortality | Miso soup |
| Bowls at present: | Bowls at 30 years old: |
HR = 0.77 (0.45-1.32) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (bowls/day):
< 1: HR = 1.
1: HR = 0.76 (0.42-1.36).
≥ 2: HR = 0.77 (0.45-1.32).
|
HR = 0.88 (0.55-1.43) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (bowls/day):
< 1: HR = 1.
1: HR = 0.39 (0.19-0.80; P = < 0.05).
≥ 2: HR = 0.88 (0.55-1.43).
|
Age and study area. |
| 36) Nishio K. (2007) | The JACC Study. | 30,454 women aged 40-79.
(Japan) | 7.6
(1988-90 to 1997) | 145
(of which 92 postmenopausal) | Breast cancer risk | Miso soup (fermented soybean paste) |
| All women: | Postmenopausal women: |
HR = 1.01 (0.65-1.56; P = 0.94) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of intake):
< 1 time/day: HR = 1.
1 cup/day: HR = 0.92 (0.59-1.43).
≥ 2 cups/day: HR = 1.01 (0.65-1.56).
|
HR = 0.92 (0.52-1.62; P = 0.76) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of intake):
< 1 cup/day: HR = 1.
1 cup/day: HR = 0.99 (0.57-1.71).
≥ 2 cups/day: HR = 0.92 (0.52-1.62).
|
Age, study area, family history of breast cancer, age at menopause, age at first birth, parity, use of exogenous female hormone, smoking, consumption of green leafy vegetables, walking time, BMI, and total energy. |
| 20) Yamamoto S. (2003) | The JPHC Study. | 21,852 female residents aged 40-59.
(Japan) | 1990-1999 | 179 | Breast cancer risk
(excluding in situ cases) | Miso soup (fermented soybean paste) |
RR = 0.60 (0.34-1.1; P = 0.042) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (cups/day):
< 1: RR = 1.
1: RR = 1.1 (0.67-1.7).
2: RR = 0.74 (0.46-1.2).
≥ 3: RR = 0.60 (0.34-1.1).
Effect modification:
Among premenopausal and postmenopausal women considered separately, miso soup consumption was inversely associated with breast cancer risk.
| Area, age, age at menarche, number of pregnancies, menopausal status, age at first pregnancy, active and passive smoking, alcohol, leisure-time physical activity, education, total energy, and meat, fish, vegetable, and fruit consumption. |
| 13) Key TJ (1999) | The Hiroshima/Nagasaki Life Span Study. | 34,759 women.
(Japan) | 1969-70 and/or 1979-81 to 1993 | 387 | Breast cancer incidence | Miso soup (fermented soyabean paste) |
RR = 0.87 (0.68-1.12; P = 0.306) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of consumption):
≤ 1/week: RR = 1.
2-4/week: RR = 1.03 (0.81-1.31).
≥ 5/week: RR = 0.87 (0.68-1.12).
Further adjustment for the consumption of both dried fish and pickled vegetables changed the RR to 0.80 (0.61-1.03).
Stratified by age of diagnosis:
| < 50 | ≥ 50 |
RR = 1.03 (0.61-1.72) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of consumption):
≤ 1/week: RR = 1.
2-4/week: RR = 1.16 (0.69-1.95).
≥ 5/week: RR = 1.03 (0.61-1.72).
|
RR = 0.83 (0.63-1.10) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (Frequency of consumption):
≤ 1/week: RR = 1.
2-4/week: RR = 1.00 (0.76-1.31).
≥ 5/week: RR = 0.83 (0.63-1.10).
|
Further adjustment for parity and age at first birth, age at menarche, age at menopause, body mass index and education level had little effect on these estimates (results not shown).Age, calendar period, city, age at time of bombing and radiation dose. |
| 2) Hirayama T. (1990) | No cohort name. | 265,118 adults (122,261 men, 142,857 women) aged ≥ 40 from 6 prefectures in Japan. | 17
(1966-1982) | 243? (2 men, 241 women) | Breast cancer mortality | Soybean paste soup | RR = 0.85 (90% CI = 0.68-1.06; No P-value) for consumption ≥ 4 vs ≤ 3 times/wk. | Age. |
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