| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 36) Iso H (2007) | The JACC Study. | 56,947 women.
(Japan) | Not defined. | 97 | Breast cancer mortality | Tomatoes |
HR = 0.74 (0.43-1.28) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 0.70 (0.40-1.23).
≥ 3/w: HR = 0.74 (0.43-1.28).
| Age and study area. |
| 25) Sesso HD. (2005) | The Women's Health Study. | 38,447 women.
(USA) | 9.9 | 1,076 | Breast cancer risk | Tomato-based products (tomatoes, tomato juice, tomato sauce, and pizza) |
RR = 1.16 (0.78-1.72; P = 0.11) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/wk):
< 1.5: RR = 1.
1.5-< 4: RR = 1.00 (0.81-1.23).
4-< 7: RR = 1.20 (0.96-1.49).
7-< 10: RR = 1.18 (0.89-1.55).
≥ 10: RR = 1.16 (0.78-1.72).
One serving = one tomato, one small glass of juice, 1/2 cup (= 118 mL) of sauce, or 2 slices of pizza.
Stratified by estrogen/progesteron receptor status:
Analyses confined to women developing breast cancer positive for estrogen and progesterone receptors had comparable RRs to total breast cancer.
| Age, total caloric intake, randomized aspirin, randomized vitamin E, and randomized beta-carotene, body mass index, family history of breast cancer, physical activity, age at menarche, ever use of oral contraceptives, age at first pregnancy, number of pregnancies, postmenopausal status, postmenopausal hormone use, alcohol intake, fiber intake, folate intake, saturated fat intake, and fruit and vegetable intake |
| 25) Sesso HD. (2005) | The Women's Health Study. | 38,447 women.
(USA) | 9.9 | 1,075 | Breast cancer risk | Tomatoes |
RR = 1.45 (0.94-2.22; P = 0.66) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings):
None: RR = 1.
1-3/mo: RR = 1.54 (1.04-2.29).
1-4/wk: RR = 1.54 (1.05-2.24).
≥ 5/wk: RR = 1.45 (0.94-2.22).
One serving = one tomato.
Stratified by estrogen/progesteron receptor status:
Analyses confined to women developing breast cancer positive for estrogen and progesterone receptors had comparable RRs to total breast cancer.
| Age, total caloric intake, randomized aspirin, randomized vitamin E, and randomized beta-carotene, body mass index, family history of breast cancer, physical activity, age at menarche, ever use of oral contraceptives, age at first pregnancy, number of pregnancies, postmenopausal status, postmenopausal hormone use, alcohol intake, fiber intake, folate intake, saturated fat intake, and fruit and vegetable intake |
| 25) Sesso HD. (2005) | The Women's Health Study. | 38,447 women.
(USA) | 9.9 | 1,057 | Breast cancer risk | Tomato juice |
RR = 0.81 (0.59-1.11; P = 0.37) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings):
None: RR = 1.
1-3/mo: RR = 0.97 (0.83-1.15).
1/wk: RR = 1.16 (0.93-1.44).
≥ 2/wk: RR = 0.81 (0.59-1.11).
One serving = one small glass.
Stratified by estrogen/progesteron receptor status:
Analyses confined to women developing breast cancer positive for estrogen and progesterone receptors had comparable RRs to total breast cancer.
| Age, total caloric intake, randomized aspirin, randomized vitamin E, and randomized beta-carotene, body mass index, family history of breast cancer, physical activity, age at menarche, ever use of oral contraceptives, age at first pregnancy, number of pregnancies, postmenopausal status, postmenopausal hormone use, alcohol intake, fiber intake, folate intake, saturated fat intake, and fruit and vegetable intake |
| 25) Sesso HD. (2005) | The Women's Health Study. | 38,447 women.
(USA) | 9.9 | 1,058 | Breast cancer risk | Tomato sauce |
RR = 1.23 (0.93-1.64; P = 0.046) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings):
None: RR = 1.
1-3/mo: RR = 1.03 (0.80-1.33).
1/wk: RR = 0.98 (0.76-1.27).
2-4/wk: RR = 1.23 (0.93-1.64).
One serving = 1/2 cup or 118 mL.
Stratified by estrogen/progesteron receptor status:
Analyses confined to women developing breast cancer positive for estrogen and progesterone receptors had comparable RRs to total breast cancer.
| Age, total caloric intake, randomized aspirin, randomized vitamin E, and randomized beta-carotene, body mass index, family history of breast cancer, physical activity, age at menarche, ever use of oral contraceptives, age at first pregnancy, number of pregnancies, postmenopausal status, postmenopausal hormone use, alcohol intake, fiber intake, folate intake, saturated fat intake, and fruit and vegetable intake |
| 15) Smith-Warner SA. (2001) | Pooled Analysis of 7 Cohort Studies. | 317,590 | 5-10 | 5,969? | Invasive breast cancer risk | Tomatoes |
INCLUSION CRITERIA:
- 1) A published prospective study with at least 200 incident breast cancer cases.
- 2) Assessment of usual dietary intake.
- 3) A validation study of the diet assessment method or a closely related instrument.
INCLUDED STUDIES (Follow-up years/No. of breast cancer cases):
- The Adventist Health Study (1976-1982/160).
Mills PK, Beeson WL, Phillips RL. Dietary habits and breast cancer incidence among Seventh-day Adventists. Cancer. 1989 Aug 1;64(3):582-90. Abstract
- The Canadian National Breast Screening Study (1982-1987/419).
Rohan TE, Howe GR, Friedenreich CM, Jain M, Miller AB. Dietary fiber, vitamins A, C, and E, and risk of breast cancer: a cohort study. Cancer Causes Control. 1993 Jan;4(1):29-37. Abstract
- The Iowa Women's Health Study (1986-1995/1130).
Kushi LH, Fee RM, Sellers TA, Zheng W, Folsom AR. Intake of vitamins A, C, and E and postmenopausal breast cancer. The Iowa Women's Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1996 Jul 15;144(2):165-74. Full text
- The Netherlands Cohort Study (1986-1992/937).
Verhoeven DT, Assen N, Goldbohm RA, Dorant E, van 't Veer P, Sturmans F. Vitamins C and E, retinol, beta-carotene and dietary fibre in relation to breast cancer risk: a prospective cohort study. Br J Cancer. 1997;75(1):149-55. Abstract
- The New York State Cohort (1980-1987/367).
Graham S, Zielezny M, Marshall J, Priore R, Freudenheim J, Brasure J. Diet in the epidemiology of postmenopausal breast cancer in the New York State Cohort. Am J Epidemiol. 1992 Dec 1;136(11):1327-37. Abstract
- The Nurses' Health Study B (1986-1996/1638).
Zhang S, Hunter DJ, Forman MR, Rosner BA, Speizer FE, Colditz GA. Dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C, and E and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999 Mar 17;91(6):547-56. Full text
- The Sweden Mammography Cohort (1987-1997/1318).
Wolk A, Bergstrom R, Hunter D, Willet W, Ljung H, Holmberg L. A prospective study of association of monounsaturated fat and other types of fat with risk of breast cancer. Arch Intern Med. 1998 Jan 12;158(1):41-5. Full text
RELATIVE RISK:
No significant association: RR = 1.04 (0.96-1.12) per 100 g/day increment.
P for heterogeneity in results across studies = 0.31.
Menopausal status at follow-up did not modify the associations (no data shown).
| Age at menarche, interaction between parity and age at birth of first child, oral contraceptive use (ever/never), history of benign breast disease, menopausal status at follow-up, postmenopausal hormone use, family history of breast cancer, smoking status (ever/never), education, BMI, BMI-menopausal status interaction, height, alcohol intake, and energy intake. |