Vegetables and esophageal cancer.
Esophageal cancer risk: Data about the relation with total vegetables was provided by 5 cohorts, including a total of 2,865 cases. Two articles about
The EPIC Study were found, and since the articles published data about different histologic types of cancer, they were both included.
A nonsignificant protective effect was found in one cohort (Yamaji T [8]). No (non)significant associations were found in any other cohort. The average RR = 1.00
(excluding incomplete data from Boeing H [5]).
Inclusion of intermediate levels of consumption:
Data about results published in grams, servings, or cups was restricted to findings from 2 cohorts. A significantly increased risk among women was found at
the level of consumption of 320-440 g/day in one cohort (George SM [7]). No other (non)significant effects were found in any cohort at any level of consumption.
Esophageal cancer mortality: No data was found.
Conclusion: A nonsignificant protective effect was found in one cohort, but no other (non)significant associations were found with esophageal
cancer risk. No data was found about cancer mortality. No evidence was found for an association between total vegetables and esophageal cancer risk or mortality.
| Author | Cohort name | Cases | Relative Risk (RR) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9) Fan Y (2008) | The Shanghai Cohort Study | 101 | HR = 0.71 (0.26-1.95; P = 0.34) |
| 8) Yamaji T (2008) | The JPHC Study | 116 | HR = 0.68 (0.42-1.10; P = 0.10) |
| 7) George SM (2008) | The NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study | Men: 463. Women: 78. | Men: RR = 1.04 (0.78-1.39; P = 0.85). Women: RR = 1.21 (0.54-2.71; P = 0.576) |
| 5) González CA (2006) | The EPIC Study | 65 | HR = 0.71 (0.34-1.48; P = 0.36) |
| 5) Boeing H (2006) | The EPIC Study | 84 | The RR was below 1 (no data shown). |
| 2) Tran GD (2005) | The Linxian General Population Trial | 1,958 | RR = 1.02 (0.88-1.19; P = 0.696) |
| Total number of cases: 2,865 | Average RR = 1.00 |
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 9) Fan Y (2008) | The Shanghai Cohort Study | 18,244 men aged 45-64 from Shanghai City. | 20 (1986-89 to 2006) | 101? | Esophageal cancer incidence | Fresh vegetables (not defined) |
HR = 0.71 (0.26-1.95; P = 0.34) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption. Amount specific data (Tertiles not defined): T1: HR = 1. T2: HR = 0.83 (0.29-2.36). T3: HR = 0.71 (0.26-1.95). Dietary effects on ESCC (68 cases) were similar to those found for all esophageal cancer cases. | Age at interview, year of interview, neighborhood residence, level of education, BMI, number of years of smoking, number of drinks consumed per day, and number of years of drinking. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 8) Yamaji T (2008) | The JPHC Study | 38,790 men aged 45-74. (Japan) | 7.7 (1995-98 to 2004) | 116 | Esophageal SCC risk | Total vegetables (not defined) |
HR = 0.68 (0.42-1.10; P = 0.10) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption. Amount specific data (g/day): 88: HR = 1. 165: HR = 0.80 (0.52-1.23). 286: HR = 0.68 (0.42-1.10). | Age, PHC area, cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 7) George SM (2008) | The National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study. | 195,229 women and 288,109 men aged 50-71. (USA) | 1995-2003 | 78 women, and 463 men | Esophagus cancer incidence | Vegetables (excluding potatoes) |
1 cup = 237 mL. One cup is 1 cup of raw/cooked vegetable, 1 cup of 100% juice, or 2 cups of raw leafy greens. Age, smoking (smoking status, time since quitting, and smoking dose), energy intake, BMI, alcohol, physical activity, education , race, marital status, family history, menopausal hormone therapy (women), and fruit intake. |
7) Freedman ND (2007) | The NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study | 490,802 (292,898 men and 197,904 women). | (USA) 5 | (1995-96 to 2000) ESCC: 103. | EAC: 213. Esophageal cancer incidence | Total vegetables (spinach, turnip, collard greens, mustard, kale, cole slaw, cabbage, sauerkraut, carrots, string beans, dried beans, peas, corn, broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, mixed vegetables, tomatoes, sweet papers, lettuce salad, sweet potatoes, yams, tomato juice, tomato sauce, chili and salsa) |
|
A vegetable serving might refer to 1 cup leafy vegetables, [1/2] cup other vegetables, or 6 oz juice. Sex, age at entry into cohort, BMI, education, alcohol intake, fruit intake, cigarette-smoke-dose, vigorous physical activity, usual activity throughout the day and total energy. |
5) González CA (2006) | The EPIC Study | 481,518 men and women aged 35-70 from 9 European countries (excluding Norway). | 6.5 | (1992-98 to 1999-2002) 65 | Oesophagus adenocarcinoma incidence | Total vegetables (not defined, excluding juices) |
HR = 0.71 (0.34-1.48; P = 0.36) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption. | Amount specific data (Tertiles): T1: HR = 1. T2: HR = 0.88 (0.48-1.63). T3: HR = 0.71 (0.34-1.48). Cut-points for tertiles of consumption differed among men and women. For men: 111.53-145.53. For women: 207.15-257.45. Both in g/day.
Stratified by center and age. Adjusted by sex, height, weight, education, tobacco smoking, cigarette smoking intensity, work and leisure physical activity, alcohol intakt, energy intake, red meat intake and processed meat intake. |
5) Boeing H (2006) | The EPIC Study | 345,904 subjects (130,633 men and 215,271 women) from seven European countries (Excluding Norway, Greece, and France). | 5.8 | (1992-98 to 1999-2004) 84? | Primary carcinomas [SCC] of the esophagus | Total vegetables (leafy, fruiting, root, grain and pod, stalk, and mixed vegetables, cabbages, mushrooms, garlic/onion, sprouts and mixed salads) | The RR was below 1 (no data shown). | Age, gender, center, BMI, energy from fat sources, energy from non-fat sources, education, smoking status, duration of smoking, alcohol drinking, lifetime alcohol drinking, non-consumer status. |
2) Tran GD. (2005) | The Linxian General Population Trial | 29.584 individuals 40-69 years who were randomly assigned to 1 of 8 vitamin/mineral combinations. | (China) 15 | (1986-2001) 1.958? | Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma risk | Fresh vegetables (not defined) |
RR = 1.02 (0.88-1.19; P = 0.696) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption. | Amount specific data (Frequency of consumption [times/year??]): ≤ 549: RR = 1. >549-732: RR = 0.93 (0.83-1.05). >732-915: RR = 1.01 (0.90-1.13). >915: RR = 1.02 (0.88-1.19). age, gender. Adjustment for smoking (ever vs never use of any tobacco product), or education did not substantially alter the risk estimates for any of the dietary variables. |
The food questionnaire was not validated. 2) Guo W (1994) | The Linxian Nutrition Intervention Trial. | 29,584 Chinese adults aged 40-69. | (Nested case-control) 1986-1991 | 639 | Oesophageal cancer risk | (nearly all were squamous cell carcinomas) Fresh vegetables (not defined) |
OR = 0.8 (0.6-1.0; P = 0.08) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption. | Amount specific data (times/month): ≤ 30: OR = 1. 31-59: OR = 0.7 (0.5-0.9). ≥ 60: OR = 0.8 (0.6-1.0). Years of smoking and cancer history in first degree relatives. |
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