Lung cancer risk: Data about lung cancer risk was provided by 3 cohorts. A marginally significant protective effect was found in one cohort among women,
but not in the other two.
Lung cancer mortality: No data was found.
Conclusion: No evidence was found for an association between grapefruit and lung cancer.
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 14) Feskanich D (2000) | The Nurses' Health Study & The Health Professionals' Follow-up Study | 77,283 US women (38-63 years) and 47,778 men (40-75 years) | Women: 1984-1996. Men: 1986-1996. | 516? women, and 258? men | Total lung cancer risk | Grapefruit | Women: A marginally significant lower risk: RR = 0.62 (0.37-1.04; No P-value) for increases of 1 serving/day. Men: none of the individual fruits were significantly associated with the risk of lung cancer. | Not defined, but probably: age, follow-up cycle, smoking status,years since quitting among past smokers, cigarettes smoked/day among current smokers, age at start of smoking, total energy intake, and availability of diet data after baseline measure. |
| 11) Voorrips LE (2000) | The Netherlands Cohort Study | 62,573 women and 58,279 men aged 55-69. | 6.3 (1986-1992) | 963 | lung cancer risk | Grapefruit and fresh grapefruit juice | RR = 0.9 (0.7-1.1; No P value) for consumption 16 vs 0 g/day (Only measured in 2 units of consumption). Additional adjustment for total vegetable intake did not change results at all (No data shown). | age, sex, family history of lung cancer, highest educational level, current smoker, years of smoking, number of cigarettes/day and total fruit intake. |