| 29) Wright ME (2008) | The NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study | 472,081 subjects (281,288 men and 190,793 women) aged 50-71.
(USA) | 8
(1995-2003) | See variables | Lung cancer risk | Rosaceae (apples, peaches, nectarines, plums, pears, and strawberries) |
All men (3,834 cases):
RR = 0.82 (0.73-0.91; P = 0.002) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings per 1000 kcal per day):
0.03: RR = 1.
0.09: RR = 0.94 (0.85-1.02).
0.18: RR = 0.92 (0.83-1.01).
0.35: RR = 0.97 (0.88-1.07).
0.72: RR = 0.82 (0.73-0.91).
Men. Stratified by smoking status:
Never smokers
(141? cases) | Former smokers
(2,110? cases) | Current smokers
(1,583? cases) |
| RR = 0.75 (0.45-1.26; P = 0.98) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
|
RR = 0.81 (0.70-0.93; P = 0.007) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
|
RR = 0.76 (0.62-0.94; P = 0.07) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
|
All women (2,201 cases):
RR = 0.97 (0.85-1.12; P = 0.52) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings per 1000 kcal per day):
0.05: RR = 1.
0.14: RR = 1.00 (0.89-1.12).
0.27: RR = 1.01 (0.89-1.14).
0.49: RR = 0.93 (0.81-1.07).
0.94: RR = 0.97 (0.85-1.12).
Women. Stratified by smoking status:
Never smokers
(170? cases) | Former smokers
(835? cases) | Current smokers
(1,196? cases) |
| RR = 1.31 (0.76-2.26; P = 0.50) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
|
RR = 0.91 (0.73-1.13; P = 0.17) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
|
RR = 1.01 (0.82-1.24; P = 0.95) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
|
One serving of fruits = 1 medium sized fresh fruit, 1/2 cup of chopped fruit, or 6 ounces of fruit juice.Age, energy intake, race, education, BMI, smoking status, smoking dose, time since quitting, alcohol intake, physical activity, and family history of any cancer. |
| 22) Neuhouser ML (2003) | The Beta-carotene And Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET) (2003) | 14,120 current or former heavy smokers (male/female) and asbestos-exposted workers (male) aged 50-69. | 12
(1989-2001) | 742?
(326 in placebo arm, and 414 in intervention arm) | Primary lung cancer risk | Rosaceae (apples, applesauce, pears, peaches, apricots, nectarines, strawberries, and juices other than orange/grapefruit juice) |
Intervention arm (daily combination of 30 mg of beta carotene and 25,000 IU of retinyl palmitate):
(n = 7072) | Placebo arm:
(n = 7048) |
RR = 0.96 (0.69-1.34; P = 0.74) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/week):
≤ 1: RR = 1.
1.1-2.6: RR = 0.79 (0.58-1.07).
2.7-5.1: RR = 0.85 (0.63-1.16).
5.2-8.9: RR = 1.01 (0.74-1.36).
≥ 9.0: RR = 0.96 (0.69-1.34).
|
RR = 0.63 (0.42-0.94; P = 0.02) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/week):
≤ 1: RR = 1.
1.1-2.6: RR = 0.96 (0.70-1.31).
2.7-5.1: RR = 0.61 (0.43-0.89).
5.2-8.9: RR = 0.85 (0.60-1.19).
≥ 9.0: RR = 0.63 (0.42-0.94).
|
Non-small cell lung cancers:
A significant 40% reduced risk was found in the placebo group (214 cases), but not in the intervention arm (281 cases).Sex, age, smoking status, total pack-years of smoking, asbestos exposure, race-ethnicity, enrollment center, and total fruit. |
| 14) Feskanich D (2000) | The Nurses' Health Study
&
The Health Professionals' Follow-up Study | 77,283 US women (38-63 years) and 47,778 men (40-75 years) | Women: 1984-1996.
Men: 1986-1996. | 516? women, and
258? men | Total lung cancer risk | Peaches/apricots/plums | No significant association with risk (no data shown). | Not defined, but probably: age, follow-up cycle, smoking status,years since quitting among past smokers, cigarettes smoked/day among current smokers, age at start of smoking, total energy intake, and availability of diet data after baseline measure. |
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