| 18) Kirsh VA. (2007) | The screening arm of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. | 29,361 men aged 55-74.
(USA) | mean 4.2
(1993-2001) | 1,338?
of which 520 aggressive (Stage III-IV or gleason score ≥ 7), and ? extraprostatic (Stage III-IV only) | prostate cancer risk | Dark green vegetables (broccoli [52%], spinach [23%], mixed foods [e.g., beef stew or pot pie with vegetables or lasagna] [17%], and mustard turnips [7%]) |
| All prostate cancer: | Aggressive prostate cancer: | Extraprostatic cancer: |
RR = 0.92 (0.76-1.11; P = 0.16) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings per day):
0.1: RR = 1.
0.2: RR = 1.09 (0.92-1.30).
0.2: RR = 0.97 (0.81-1.16).
0.4: RR = 0.98 (0.82-1.17).
0.7: RR = 0.92 (0.76-1.11).
|
RR = 0.80 (0.59-1.07; P = 0.08) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings per day):
0.1: RR = 1.
0.2: RR = 1.00 (0.76-1.31).
0.2: RR = 0.91 (0.69-1.20).
0.4: RR = 0.73 (0.54-0.98).
0.7: RR = 0.80 (0.59-1.07).
|
RR = 0.70 (0.42-1.16; P = 0.09) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings per day):
0.1: RR = 1.
0.2: RR = 1.02 (0.67-1.57).
0.2: RR = 0.88 (0.57-1.37).
0.4: RR = 0.65 (0.40-1.07).
0.7: RR = 0.70 (0.42-1.16).
|
age, total energy, race, study center, family history of prostate cancer, BMI, smoking status, physical activity, supplemental vitamine E intake, total fat intake, red meat intake, diabetes, aspirin use, and previous number of prostate cancer screening examinations during the follow-up period.
Results were not statistically significantly altered by additional adjustment for total fruit or vegetable intake (as appropriate) and tomato intake or for history of PSA tests before study enrollment. |
| 17) Stram DO. (2006) | The multiethnic cohort study. | 82,486 African-American, Japanese-American, Native-Hawaiian, Latino and White males aged 45-75.
(USA) | 1993-96 to 2001 | 3,922?
(1,345 nonlocalized and high grade disease) | prostate cancer risk | Green vegetables (not defined) |
Prostate cancer risk:
| Dark green vegetables | Light green vegetables |
RR = 1.09 (0.98-1.20; P = 0.255) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/1000 kcal):
≤ 7.4: RR = 1.
> 7.4-≤ 11.8: RR = 1.09 (0.98-1.20).
> 11.8-≤ 17.3: RR = 1.06 (0.96-1.18).
> 17.3-≤ 27.2: RR = 1.09 (0.98-1.21).
> 27.2: RR = 1.09 (0.98-1.20).
(P for heterogeneity by ethnic group = 0.335).
|
RR = 0.99 (0.89-1.10; P = 0.413).
Amount specific data (g/1000 kcal):
≤ 7.4: RR = 1.
> 7.4-≤ 11.8: RR = 1.05 (0.95-1.16).
> 11.8-≤ 17.3: RR = 1.06 (0.96-1.18).
> 17.3-≤ 27.2: RR = 1.02 (0.92-1.13).
> 27.2: RR = 0.99 (0.89-1.10).
(P for heterogeneity by ethnic group = 0.409).
|
Dark green vegetables & non-localized or high grade prostate cancer risk:
RR = 1.11 (0.93-1.32; P = 0.301) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/1000 kcal):
≤ 7.4: RR = 1.
> 7.4-≤ 11.8: RR = 1.13 (0.95-1.34).
> 11.8-≤ 17.3: RR = 1.01 (0.83-1.20).
> 17.3-≤ 27.2: RR = 1.07 (0.90-1.27).
> 27.2: RR = 1.11 (0.93-1.32).age, BMI, education and family history of prostate cancer |
| 2) Shibata A. (1992) | The Leisure World Study. | 11,580 residents of a retirement community.
(USA) | 1981-1989 | 208 | Prostate cancer risk | Dark green vegetables (spinach, chard, beet greens, turnip greens, mustard greens, collards, kale, dandelion greens, broccoli, Brussels sprouts.) |
RR = 1.19 (0.85-1.67; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/day):
< 0.11: RR = 1.
0.11-< 0.30: RR = 1.26 (0.90-1.77).
≥ 0.30: RR = 1.19 (0.85-1.67). | Age and smoking.
Adjustment for BMI or physical activity did not materially alter the results (data not shown). |
Prospective studies of (green) leafy vegetables and prostate cancer:
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 20) Iso H (2007) | The JACC Study. | 40,209 men.
(Japan) | Not defined. | 147 | Prostate cancer mortality | Cabbage or head lettuce |
HR = 0.85 (0.54-1.35) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 3/w: HR = 1.
3-4/w: HR = 0.88 (0.58-1.36).
≥ 5/w: HR = 0.85 (0.54-1.35).
| Age and study area. |
| 20) Iso H (2007) | The JACC Study. | 43,850 men.
(Japan) | Not defined. | 161 | Prostate cancer mortality | Spinach or Garland chrysanthemum |
HR = 1.28 (0.86-1.93) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 3/w: HR = 1.
3-4/w: HR = 1.00 (0.64-1.56).
≥ 5/w: HR = 1.28 (0.86-1.93).
| Age and study area. |
| 18) Kirsh VA. (2007) | The screening arm of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. | 29,361 men aged 55-74.
(USA) | mean 4.2
(1993-2001) | 1,338
of which 520 aggressive (Stage III-IV or gleason score ≥ 7), and ? extraprostatic (Stage III-IV only) | prostate cancer risk | Mustard/turnip greens/collard/kale |
| All prostate cancer: | Aggressive prostate cancer: | Extraprostatic cancer: |
RR = 1.24 (0.87-1.77; P = 0.40) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings):
< 1/mo: RR = 1.
1-3/mo: RR = 1.14 (0.89-1.45).
1/wk: RR = 0.82 (0.56-1.19).
> 1/wk: RR = 1.24 (0.87-1.77).
|
RR = 1.24 (0.71-2.15; P = 0.89) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings):
< 1/mo: RR = 1.
1-3/mo: RR = 0.75 (0.48-1.18).
1/wk: RR = 0.77 (0.42-1.41).
> 1/wk: RR = 1.24 (0.71-2.15).
|
RR = 0.85 (0.25-2.85; P = 0.80) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings):
< 1/mo: RR = 1.
1-3/mo: RR = 0.54 (0.21-1.37).
1/wk: RR = 1.35 (0.56-3.23).
> 1/wk: RR = 0.85 (0.25-2.85).
|
age, total energy, race, study center, family history of prostate cancer, BMI, smoking status, physical activity, supplemental vitamine E intake, total fat intake, red meat intake, diabetes, aspirin use, and previous number of prostate cancer screening examinations during the follow-up period.
Results were not statistically significantly altered by additional adjustment for total fruit or vegetable intake (as appropriate) and tomato intake or for history of PSA tests before study enrollment. |
| 17) Stram DO. (2006) | The multiethnic cohort study. | 82,486 African-American, Japanese-American, Native-Hawaiian, Latino and White males aged 45-75.
(USA) | 1993-96 to 2001 | 3,922?
(1,345 nonlocalized and high grade disease) | prostate cancer risk | Dark leafy greens (not defined) |
| Prostate cancer risk: | Non-localized or high grade prostate cancer risk: |
RR = 1.09 (0.99-1.21; P = 0.048) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/1000 kcal):
≤ 0: RR = 1.
> 0-≤ 1.5: RR = 0.98 (0.89-1.09).
> 1.5-≤ 3.0: RR = 1.05 (0.95-1.16).
> 3.0-≤ 6.0: RR = 1.10 (1.00-1.22).
> 6.0: RR = 1.09 (0.99-1.21).
(P for heterogeneity by ethnic group = 0.370).
|
RR = 1.32 (1.15-1.56; P = 0.003) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/1000 kcal):
≤ 0: RR = 1.
> 0-≤ 1.5: RR = 1.13 (0.95-1.35).
> 1.5-≤ 3.0: RR = 1.12 (0.94-1.33).
> 3.0-≤ 6.0: RR = 1.26 (1.06-1.49).
> 6.0: RR = 1.32 (1.15-1.56).
|
age, BMI, education and family history of prostate cancer |
| 10) Schuurman AG (1998) | The Netherlands Cohort Study. | 58,279 men aged 55-69 | 6.3
((1986-1992) | 606
(181 well differentiated, 217 moderately differentiated, and 153 poorly- or undifferentiated) | prostate cancer risk | >Prepared leafy vegetables (defined as: prepared endive, spinach), and
Raw leafy vegetables (defined as: raw endive, lettuce) |
Prepared leafy vegetables:
RR = 0.95 (0.68-1.32; P = 0.76) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
4.0: RR = 1.
12.0: RR = 0.93 (0.67-1.29).
19.0: RR = 1.04 (0.75-1.43).
27.0: RR = 1.13 (0.82-1.56).
41.0: RR = 0.95 (0.68-1.32).
Prostate cancer risk in subgroups on differentiation grade. RRs are per 25 g/day increment
| well differentiated | moderately differentiated | poorly or undifferentiated |
| RR = 0.88 (0.65-1.19) | RR = 1.11 (0.85-1.46) | RR = 1.13 (0.83-1.52) |
Raw leafy vegetables:
RR = 1.06 (0.75-1.50; P = 0.85) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
1.0: RR = 1.
4.0: RR = 1.47 (1.07-2.01).
8.0: RR = 1.51 (1.09-2.08).
12.0: RR = 1.23 (0.88-1.71).
21.0: RR = 1.06 (0.75-1.50).
Prostate cancer risk in subgroups on differentiation grade. RRs are per 25 g/day increment
| well differentiated | moderately differentiated | poorly or undifferentiated |
| RR = 1.32 (0.81-1.87) | RR = 0.78 (0.49-1.23) | RR = 0.89 (0.54-1.47) |
RRs between subgroups of tumor sizes did not differ to a large extent and were mostly around the null value; the same applied to latent and nonlatent tumors (data not shown).
age, family history of prostate cancer, socioeconomic status and total fruit.
The RR per 25 g/day increment is additionaly adjusted for total vegetables. |
| 7) Giovannucci E. (2003) | The Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. | 47,365 aged 40-75 predominantly Caucasian (>91%) men.
(USA) | 14
(1986-2000) | 2,969? nonstage T1 | Prostate cancer risk
(excluding stage T1a cancers [found in ≤ 5% of tissue resected]) | Kale, mustard or chard greens | None of the specific crucifera were significantly related to risk (all Ps > or = 0.19).
Men < 65 years: None of the specific cruciferous vegetables were significantly related to lower risk (no data shown). | Multivariate: BMI at age 21, BMI in 1986, height, cigarette pack-years in previous 10 years, family history of prostate cancer, history of diabetes mellitus, vigorous physical activity, and intakes of total calories, red meat, processed meat, fish, alpha-linolenic acid, calcium, and tomato sauce. |
| 7) Giovannucci E (1995) | The Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. | 47,894 men aged 40-75.
(USA) | 1986-1992 | 718 | Prostate cancer risk
(non-stage A1) | Kale, mustard or chard |
RR = 1.09 (0.78-1.51; P = 0.54) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings):
0: RR = 1.
1-3/mo: RR = 1.04 (0.82-1.33).
≥ 1/wk: RR = 1.09 (0.78-1.51). | Age and energy. |
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