| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 23) Wang L (2009) | The Women's Health Study | 38,408 female health professionals aged ≥ 45.
(USA) | 11.5
(1992-95 to 2007) | 3,190 | Invasive cancer incidence
(excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) | Apples |
RR = 1.13 (0.97-1.30; P = 0.25) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings):
< 1/mo: RR = 1.
1-3/mo: RR = 1.07 (0.92-1.23).
1/wk: RR = 1.14 (0.98-1.32).
≥ 2/wk: RR = 1.13 (0.97-1.30).
Sensitivity analyses that categorized food intake using other cutoffs yielded similar results (data not shown). | Age, race, total energy, randomized treatment assignment, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, postmenopausal status, hormone replacement therapy use, multivitamin use, family history of colorectal cancer, ovary cancer, or breast cancer, and intake of fruit and vegetables, fiber, folate, and saturated fat. |
| 20) Takachi R. (2007) | The Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study (JPHC). | 77,891 subjects (35,909 men 41,982 and women) aged 45-74.
(Japan) | 5.8
(1995-1998 to 2002) | 3,230? (636 gastric, 598 colorectal, 397 lung, 233 breast, 193 liver, 1,173 other) | Risk of cancer | Apples, or Pears | Not significantly associated with risk of total cancer (no data shown). | age, public health center area, BMI, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, energy, screening examination, medication, and daily vitamin supplement use. |
| 19) Cutler GJ. (2008) | The Iowa Women's Health Study. | 34,708 postmenopausal women aged 55-69.
(USA) | 1986-2004 | 7,534? | All cancer risk | Apples and pears | Stratified by smoking history, intake of apples (> 3 vs < 1 times/wk) was not associated with risk of all cancers (No data shown). | Age, energy, education, race, BMI, multivitamin use, activity level, and pack years. |
| 7) Knekt P. (2002) | The Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Survey Cohort. | 10,054 men and women. | 30
(1967-1996) | 1,093? | All cancer risk | Apples | An inverse association (No data shown, but probably for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption). | Sex, age, geographic area, occupation, smoking, BMI, and intake of vegetables and fruit other than apples. |
| 7) Knekt P. (1997) | The Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Survey Cohort. | 9,959 men and women aged 15-99.
(Finland) | 24
(1967-1991) | 997? | All cancer risk | Apples | RR = 0.87 (0.72-1.04; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (not defined). | Sex, age, geographic area, occupation, smoking, BMI, and intakes of energy, vitamin C, vitamin E, beta carotene, fiber, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and cholesterol. |