| 20) Takachi R. (2007) | The Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study (JPHC). | 77,891 subjects (35,909 men 41,982 and women) aged 45-74.
(Japan) | 5.8
(1995-1998 to 2002) | 3,230 (636 gastric, 598 colorectal, 397 lung, 233 breast, 193 liver, 1,173 other) | Risk of cancer | Citrus fruits (defined as: mandarins, oranges, and 100% orange juice) | HR = 1.05 (0.94-1.17; P = 0.22) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (not defined).
Amount specific data (quartiles):
Q1: HR = 1.
Q2: HR = 0.94 (0.85-1.05).
Q3: HR = 1.00 (0.90-1.11).
Q4: HR = 1.05 (0.94-1.17). | age, public health center area, BMI, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, energy, screening examination, medication, and daily vitamin supplement use. |
| 19) Cutler GJ. (2008) | The Iowa Women's Health Study. | 34,708 postmenopausal women aged 55-69.
(USA) | 1986-2004 | 7,441 (4,447 never smokers, and 2,994 ever smokers) | All cancer risk | Citrus fruit or juice (grapefruits, grapefruit juice, oranges, orange juice) |
Stratified by smoking history:
| Never smokers | Ever smokers |
HR = 0.93 (0.87-1.00; P = 0.06) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/wk):
< 4: HR = 1.
4-8: HR = 0.96 (0.89-1.04).
> 8: HR = 0.93 (0.87-1.00). |
HR = 0.92 (0.84-1.01; P = 0.08) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings/wk):
< 4: HR = 1.
4-8: HR = 0.97 (0.89-1.07).
> 8: HR = 0.92 (0.84-1.01). |
Age, energy, education, race, BMI, multivitamin use, activity level, and pack years. |
| 11) Hung HC. (2004) | The Nurses' Health Study
&
The Health Professionals' Follow-up Study. | 71,910 women (aged 30-55) and
37,725 men (aged 40-75).
(USA) | 14
(1984-1998)
(women), and
12
(1986-1998)
(men) | 6584? women, and
2500? men.
3577 never smokers, 3945 past smokers, and 1694 current smokers.
3128 non-vitamin supplement users, and 3948 multivitamin supplement users. | All cancer risk (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer, in situ breast cancer, and organ-confined prostate cancer) | Total citrus fruit (not defined) |
Stratified by sex:
| Men + women | Men | Women |
| RR = 1.03 (0.99-1.07; No P-value). | RR = 1.05 (No 95% CI; No P-value). | RR = 1.01 (No 95% CI; No P-value). |
Stratified by smoking status (men and women combined):
| Never | Past | Current |
| RR = 1.03 (0.96-1.10; No P-value). | RR = 1.02 (0.96-1.08; No P-value). | RR = 1.05 (0.96-1.14; No P-value). |
Stratified by multivitamin use (men and women combined):
| Non-vitamin use | Multivitamin use |
| RR = 0.99 (0.93-1.06; No P-value). | RR = 1.06 (1.00-1.12; No P-value). |
All RRs are for an increment of 1 serving/day.Total calorie intake, age, smoking status, alcohol use, body mass index, multivitamin and vitamin E supplement use, physical activity, family history of myocardial infarction, family history of colon cancer, personal history of hypertension, personal history of hypercholesterolemia, personal history of diabetes, and (for women only) family history of breast cancer, menopausal status, and use of hormone replacement therapy. |
Prospective studies of Citrus fruit in relation to total cancer mortality:
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 21) Iso H (2007) | The JACC Study. | 43,011 men, and 59,504 women.
(Japan) | Not defined. | 3,579 men, and
2,138 women. | All cancer mortality | Citrus fruits (not defined) |
| Men: | Women: |
HR = 1.01 (0.92-1.10) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 3/w: HR = 1.
3-4/w: HR = 1.01 (0.91-1.11).
≥ 5/w: HR = 1.01 (0.92-1.10).
|
HR = 1.03 (0.92-1.16) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 3/w: HR = 1.
3-4/w: HR = 1.04 (0.91-1.18).
≥ 5/w: HR = 1.03 (0.92-1.16).
|
Age and study area. |
| 5) Sahyoun NR. (1996) | No cohort name. | 725 subjects (254 men, and 471 women) aged 60-101 from Massachusetts.
(USA) | 9-12
(1981-84 to 1993) | 57? | Cancer mortality | Citrus fruit and juices (not defined) | RR = 1.75 (0.64-4.76; P = 0.48) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (tertiles. No amounts defined):
T1: RR = 1.
T2: RR = 2.06 (0.87-4.87).
T3: RR = 1.75 (0.64-4.76). | Age, sex, disease status, and disabilities affecting shopping. |
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