| 20) Takachi R. (2007) | The Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study (JPHC). | 77,891 subjects (35,909 men 41,982 and women) aged 45-74.
(Japan) | 5.8
(1995-1998 to 2002) | 3,230 (636 gastric, 598 colorectal, 397 lung, 233 breast, 193 liver, 1,173 other) | Risk of cancer | Cruciferous vegetables (cabbage, Chinese radishes, komatsuna, broccoli, Chinese cabbage, leaf mustard, and chard or Swiss chard) | HR = 0.94 (0.85-1.05; P = 0.09) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption (not defined).
Amount specific data (quartiles):
Q1: HR = 1.
Q2: HR = 1.08 (0.97-1.19).
Q3: HR = 0.96 (0.86-1.07).
Q4: HR = 0.94 (0.84-1.05). | age, public health center area, BMI, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, energy, screening examination, medication, and daily vitamin supplement use. |
| 11) Hung HC. (2004) | The Nurses' Health Study
&
The Health Professionals' Follow-up Study. | 71,910 women (aged 30-55) and
37,725 men (aged 40-75).
(USA) | 14
(1984-1998)
(women), and
12
(1986-1998)
(men) | 6584? women, and
2500? men.
3577 never smokers, 3945 past smokers, and 1694 current smokers.
3128 non-vitamin supplement users, and 3948 multivitamin supplement users. | All cancer risk (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer, in situ breast cancer, and organ-confined prostate cancer) | Cruciferous vegetables (not defined) |
Stratified by sex:
| Men + women | Men | Women |
| RR = 0.99 (0.92-1.06; No P-value). | RR = 0.95 (No 95% CI; No P-value). | RR = 1.01 (No 95% CI; No P-value). |
Stratified by smoking status (men and women combined):
| Never | Past | Current |
| RR = 1.09 (0.97-1.22; No P-value). | RR = 0.98 (0.88-1.09; No P-value). | RR = 0.73 (0.44-1.22; No P-value). A significantly decreased risk among male current smokers: RR = 0.55 (0.37-0.81). |
Stratified by multivitamin use (men and women combined):
| Non-vitamin use | Multivitamin use |
RR = 0.87 (0.64-1.20; No P-value).
There was a stronger inverse association of cancer with cruciferous vegetable intake among non-vitamin users than among multivitamin users.
A significant inverse association was found among male non-multivitamin supplement users: RR = 0.74 (0.60-0.91). | RR = 1.03 (0.92-1.15; No P-value). |
All RRs are for an increment of 1 serving/day.Total calorie intake, age, smoking status, alcohol use, body mass index, multivitamin and vitamin E supplement use, physical activity, family history of myocardial infarction, family history of colon cancer, personal history of hypertension, personal history of hypercholesterolemia, personal history of diabetes, and (for women only) family history of breast cancer, menopausal status, and use of hormone replacement therapy. |
Prospective studies of cruciferous vegetables and total cancer mortality:
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 17) Genkinger JM. (2004) | The Odyssey Cohort (= CLUE I + CLUE II). | 6,151 men and women aged 30-93 from Maryland.
(USA) | 1989-2002 | 307 | All cancer mortality | Cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, mustard greens, and turnip greens) | HR = 0.77 (0.55-1.10; P = 0.43) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (median servings/day):
0.03: HR = 1.
0.12: HR = 0.73 (0.50-1.07).
0.17: HR = 0.71 (0.50-1.02).
0.27: HR = 0.89 (0.63-1.25).
0.53: HR = 0.77 (0.55-1.10).
Low consumption:
HR for the highest 4 fifths compared with the lowest fifth of intake: 0.25 (0.05-1.14). | Age, smoking status, body mass index, cholesterol concentration, and energy.
Marital status and education did not significantly alter the risk estimates and thus were not included in the multivariate models. |
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