| 16) Khan MM. (2004) | No cohort name. | 1,524 men and 1,634 women aged ≥ 40 living in Hokkaido, Japan. | 1984-2002 | 155 men, 89 women? | Total cancer mortality | Green yellow vegetables (not defined) |
| Raw | Cooked |
Men: RR = 0.8 (0.6-1.2; No P-value).
Women: RR = 0.9 (0.6-1.4; No P-value). | Men: RR = 0.9 (0.6-1.4; No P-value).
Women: RR = 1.2 (0.6-2.7; No P-value). |
RRs are for consumption ≥ several times/wk vs ≤ several times/month.Men: age and smoking. Women: age, health status, health education, health screening + smoking. |
| 14) Sauvaget C. (2003) | The Hiroshima/Nagasaki Life Span Study. | 38,540 subjects (14,873 men, and 23,667 women) aged 34-103 who were atomic-bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
(Japan) | 16
(1980-81 to 1998) | 3,136 | Total cancer mortality | Green-yellow vegetables containing > 1000 IU carotene/100 g. (such as pumpkin, carrots, spinach, lettuce, asparagus, parsley, etc.) | A marginally significant reduction. RR = 0.92 (0.84-1.01;P = 0.0676) for the highest vs the lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (serving frequency):
0-1/wk: RR = 1.
2-4/wk: RR = 0.94 (0.86-1.02).
(almost) daily: RR = 0.92 (0.84-1.01). | fruit, sex, age, radiation dose, city, BMI, smoking status, alcohol habits, and education level. |
| 5)Sahyoun NR. (1996) | No cohort name. | 725 subjects (254 men, and 471 women) aged 60-101 from Massachusetts.
(USA) | 9-12
(1981-84 to 1993) | 57? | Cancer mortality | Dark green/orange vegetables (not defined) | RR = 0.79 (0.36-1.71; P = 0.48) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (tertiles. No amounts defined):
T1: RR = 1.
T2: RR = 0.76 (0.43-1.34).
T3: RR = 0.79 (0.36-1.71). | Age, sex, disease status, and disabilities affecting shopping. |
| 3) Hirayama T. (1990) | No cohort name. | 265,118 adults (122,261 men, 142,857 women) aged ≥ 40 from 6 prefectures in Japan. | 17
(1966-1982) | 14,740? (8,794 men, 5,946 women) | Cancer at all sites mortality | Green-yellow vegetables (Defined as: containing ≥ 600 mcg carotene/100 g edible parts. Including carrots, spinach, green peppers, Italian broccoli, pumpkin, turnip leaves, green lettuce, chives leeks [green], asparagus, [green], chicory and parsley.) |
Stratified by sex. (Age and sex-adjusted):
| Men & Women | Men | Women |
RR = 0.794 (No 90% CI; P = 0.0009) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
None: RR = 1.
1-3 times/month: RR = 0.892.
1-3 times/wk: RR = 0.823.
≥ 4 times/wk: RR = 0.794.
Daily vs nondaily consumption:
RR = 0.95 (90% CI = 0.92-0.98; No P-value) for consumption ≥ 4 vs ≤ 3 times/wk. |
RR = 0.757 (No 90% CI; P = 0.0104) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
None: RR = 1.
1-3 times/month: RR = 0.84.
1-3 times/wk: RR = 0.782.
≥ 4 times/wk: RR = 0.757. |
RR = 0.867 (No 90% CI; P = 0.0173) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
None: RR = 1.
1-3 times/month: RR = 0.993.
1-3 times/wk: RR = 0.901.
≥ 4 times/wk: RR = 0.867. |
Stratified by age. (Sex-adjusted):
| ≤ 59 | 60-69 | ≥ 70 |
RR = 0.552 (No 90% CI; P = 0.0070) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
None: RR = 1.
1-3 times/month: RR = 0.691.
1-3 times/wk: RR = 0.586.
≥ 4 times/wk: RR = 0.552. |
RR = 0.746 (No 90% CI; P = 0.0166) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
None: RR = 1.
1-3 times/month: RR = 0.851.
1-3 times/wk: RR = 0.774.
≥ 4 times/wk: RR = 0.746. |
RRs decreased with increasing quartiles of consumption: RR = 0.795 (No 90% CI; P = 0.2505) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
None: RR = 1.
1-3 times/month: RR = 0.892.
1-3 times/wk: RR = 0.823.
≥ 4 times/wk: RR = 0.795. |
Daily consumption of green-yellow vegetables decreased mortality risk among daily meat eaters (daily = defined as: > or = 4 times/wk).
Confounding and interaction (using multivariate logistic regression analysis).
RRs among men of 4 variables for individual and joint consumption (No 90% CI):
| Individual consumption | Joint consumption |
Cigarette smoking: RR = 1.77 (P = < 0.001).
Meat: RR = 1.46 (P = < 0.01).
Green-yellow vegetables: RR = 1.05.
Alcohol: RR = 1.07. |
Green-yellow vegetables & Smoking: RR = 1.70.
Green-yellow vegetables & Meat: RR = 1.17 (P for main effect only = < 0.05).
Green-yellow vegetables & Alcohol: RR = 1.18. |
RRs of meat, green-yellow vegetables, and alcohol are for consumption > or = 4 times/wk. RR of smoking is for daily smoking. No reference groups are defined.
Definitions: Meat (beef, pork, chicken, ham/sausages, and other), and Alcohol (sake, shochu, beer, whiskey, and others).
Men who smoked daily + consumed alcohol and meat daily: Age-adjusted RR = 0.67 (No 90% CI; No P-value) for daily vs non-daily consumption of green-yellow vegetables
(daily consumption is defined as: consumption > or = 4 times/wk for all dietary items).See variables. |
| 1) Colditz GA. (1985) | The Massachusetts Health Care Panel Study. | 1,226 residents 66 years or older.
(USA) | 5
(1976-1980) | 42 | Total cancer mortality | Green and yellow vegetables (carrots/squash, tomatoes/ salads/leafy green vegetables [like spinach or greens], dried fruits [like apricots, prunes or raisins], fresh strawberries/fresh melon, and broccoli/Brussel sprouts) | RR = 0.78 (P = 0.026) for an increment of 1/2 serving/day.
Amount specific data in servings/day (age-ajusted):
< 0.7: RR = 1.0.
0.7-1.0: RR = 0.8.
1.1-1.5: RR = 0.9.
1.6-2.1: RR = 0.4.
≥ 2.2: RR = 0.3 (0.10-0.96). | Age, sex, smoking and total food. |
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