| 21) Iso H (2007) | The JACC Study. | 40,964 men, and 55,969 women.
(Japan) | Not defined. | 3,322 men, and
1,950 women. | All cancer mortality | Tukudani (soy sauce-preserved foods) |
| Men: | Women: |
HR = 1.01 (0.91-1.11) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 1.01 (0.92-1.10).
≥ 3/w: HR = 1.01 (0.91-1.11).
|
HR = 1.10 (0.98-1.25) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 1/w: HR = 1.
1-2/w: HR = 1.03 (0.92-1.16).
≥ 3/w: HR = 1.10 (0.98-1.25).
|
Age and study area. |
| 19) Cutler GJ. (2008) | The Iowa Women's Health Study. | 34,708 postmenopausal women aged 55-69.
(USA) | 1986-2004 | 7,534? | All cancer risk | Soy (not defined) | Stratified by smoking history, intake of soy (≥ 1 vs < 1 time/wk) was not associated with risk of all cancers (No data shown). | Age, energy, education, race, BMI, multivitamin use, activity level, and pack years. |
| 12) Nagata C. (2002) | The Takayama Study. | 13,355 men and 15,724 women aged 35 or older.
(Japan) | 7
(1992-1999) | 400 men, and
253 women | Cancer mortality | Total soy products (tofu, miso, soybeans, natto, soy milk, okara, dried tofu, deep-fried tofu, fried tofu, and fried tofu and minced vegetables/seaweed) |
| Men | Women |
HR = 0.89 (0.64-1.22; P = 0.60) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (median intake in g/day):
40.6: HR = 1.
63.9: HR = 0.78 (0.55-1.12).
85.8: HR = 1.10 (0.80-1.52).
114.4: HR = 0.86 (0.62-1.20).
166.4: HR = 0.89 (0.64-1.22). |
HR = 0.79 (0.53-1.18; P = 0.12) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (median intake in g/day):
38.5: HR = 1.
60.2: HR = 1.22 (0.83-1.80).
80.0: HR = 0.91 (0.60-1.37).
103.1: HR = 0.98 (0.66-1.46).
148.6: HR = 0.79 (0.53-1.18). |
Age, and total energy.
Additionally for men: marital status, BMI, smoking status, and alcohol intake.
Additionally for women: number of children and history of diabetes mellitus. |
Prospective studies of tofu and total cancer:
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 23) Wang L (2009) | The Women's Health Study | 38,408 female health professionals aged ≥ 45.
(USA) | 11.5
(1992-95 to 2007) | 3,196 | Invasive cancer incidence
(excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) | Tofu |
RR = 0.91 (0.61-1.35; P = 0.46) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (servings):
< 1/mo: RR = 1.
1-3/mo: RR = 0.98 (0.83-1.16).
1/wk: RR = 0.89 (0.65-1.21).
≥ 2/wk: RR = 0.91 (0.61-1.35).
Sensitivity analyses that categorized food intake using other cutoffs yielded similar results (data not shown). | Age, race, total energy, randomized treatment assignment, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, postmenopausal status, hormone replacement therapy use, multivitamin use, family history of colorectal cancer, ovary cancer, or breast cancer, and intake of fruit and vegetables, fiber, folate, and saturated fat. |
| 21) Iso H (2007) | The JACC Study. | 44,118 men, and 60,624 women.
(Japan) | Not defined. | 3,683 men, and
2,177 women. | All cancer mortality | Tofu (soybean curd) |
| Men: | Women: |
HR = 0.94 (0.86-1.02) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 3/w: HR = 1.
3-4/w: HR = 0.96 (0.88-1.04).
≥ 5/w: HR = 0.94 (0.86-1.02).
|
HR = 0.99 (0.89-1.11) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data:
< 3/w: HR = 1.
3-4/w: HR = 0.96 (0.89-1.11).
≥ 5/w: HR = 0.99 (0.89-1.11).
|
Age and study area. |
| 16) Khan MM. (2004) | No cohort name. | 1,524 men and 1,634 women aged ≥ 40 living in Hokkaido, Japan. | 1984-2002 | 155 men, 89 women? | Total cancer mortality | Tofu (soybean curd) |
| Men: | Women: |
| RR = 1.2 (0.7-2.1; No P-value). |
RR = 1.4 (0.6-3.4; No P-value). |
RRs are for consumption ≥ several times/wk vs ≤ several times/month.Men: age and smoking. Women: age, health status, health education, health screening + smoking. |
Prospective studies of miso (soybean paste) soup and total cancer:
| Author | Cohort name | Subjects | Years of follow-up | Cases | End point | Consumption of | Relative Risk (RR) | Adjustments |
| 21) Iso H (2007) | The JACC Study. | 42,696 men, and 58,494 women.
(Japan) | Not defined. | 3,619 men, and
2,156 women. | All cancer mortality | Miso soup |
Men:
| Bowls at present | Bowls at 30 years old |
HR = 0.96 (0.87-1.05) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (bowls/day):
< 1: HR = 1.
1: HR = 1.02 (0.92-1.12).
≥ 2: HR = 0.96 (0.87-1.05).
|
HR = 0.99 (0.90-1.08) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (bowls/day):
< 1: HR = 1.
1: HR = 0.97 (0.87-1.08).
≥ 2: HR = 0.99 (0.90-1.08).
|
Women:
| Bowls at present | Bowls at 30 years old |
HR = 0.97 (0.87-1.09) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (bowls/day):
< 1: HR = 1.
1: HR = 0.92 (0.81-1.04).
≥ 2: HR = 0.97 (0.87-1.09).
|
HR = 0.96 (0.86-1.07) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (bowls/day):
< 1: HR = 1.
1: HR = 0.93 (0.81-1.07).
≥ 2: HR = 0.96 (0.86-1.07).
|
Age and study area. |
| 16) Khan MM. (2004) | No cohort name. | 1,524 men and 1,634 women aged ≥ 40 living in Hokkaido, Japan. | 1984-2002 | 155 men, 89 women? | Total cancer mortality | Miso soup |
| Men: | Women: |
| RR = 0.4 (0.1-1.1; No P-value). |
Not estimated due to 0 cases in either of the two groups. |
RRs are for consumption ≥ several times/wk vs ≤ several times/month.Men: age and smoking. Women: age, health status, health education, health screening + smoking. |
| 3) Hirayama T. (1990) | No cohort name. | 265,118 adults (122,261 men, 142,857 women) aged ≥ 40 from 6 prefectures in Japan. | 17
(1966-1982) | 14,740? (8,794 men, 5,946 women) | Cancer at all sites mortality | Soybean paste soup | RR = 0.96 (90% CI = 0.93-0.99; No P-value) for consumption ≥ 4 vs ≤ 3 times/wk. | Age and sex. |
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