| 17) Genkinger JM. (2004) | The Odyssey Cohort (= CLUE I + CLUE II). | 6,151 men and women aged 30-93 from Maryland.
(USA) | 1989-2002 | 307 (207 ever smokers, and 100 never smokers) | All cancer mortality | Fruits and vegetables (apples, applesauce, pears, cantaloupes, oranges, grapefruit, and any other fruit such as bananas and fruit cocktail. Tomatoes, broccoli, spinach, mustard greens, turnip greens, collards, cabbage, carrots, mixed vegetables, green salads, sweet potatoes, yams, and any other vegetables such as green beans, corn, and peas. A second fruit and vegetable summary variable was created that additionally included juices such as orange and other fruits. Potatoes were excluded from both summary variables) |
| All subjects | Ever smokers | Never smokers |
HR = 0.65 (0.45-0.93; P = 0.08) for the highest vs lowest quintile of consumption.
Amount specific data (median servings/day):
0.87: HR = 1.
1.61: HR = 0.73 (0.50-1.05).
2.31: HR = 0.75 (0.52-1.06).
3.21: HR = 0.82 (0.58-1.15).
4.89: HR = 0.65 (0.45-0.93).
Low consumption:
HR for the highest 4 fifths compared with the lowest fifth of intake: 0.85 (0.73-0.99).
High consumption:
HR for ≥ 5 servings/day vs fewer: 0.77 (0.51-1.15). |
HR = 0.85 (0.60-1.20; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (tertiles. No amounts defined):
T1: HR = 1.
T1: HR = 0.80 (0.56-1.12).
T1: HR = 0.85 (0.60-1.20). |
HR = 0.69 (0.41-1.17; No P-value) for the highest vs lowest tertile of consumption.
Amount specific data (tertiles. No amounts defined):
T1: HR = 1.
T1: HR = 1.01 (0.62-1.64).
T1: HR = 0.69 (0.41-1.17). |
Similar estimates were observed when results were stratified by gender and body mass index (data not shown).Age, body mass index, and cholesterol concentration (all variables).
Smoking status and energy (all subjects only).
Hypertension (stratified by smoking status only).
Marital status and education did not significantly alter the risk estimates and thus were not included in the multivariate models. |
| 6) Hertog MG. (1996) | The Caerphilly Study. | 2,104 Welsh men ages 45-69.
(UK) | 13.8 | 114? (including 51 respiratory tract, and 45 digestive tract) | Total cancer mortality | Total fruit and vegetables (apples, pears, oranges, bananas, fruit juices, and fruit drinks, green vegetables and salads, carrots, root vegetables, baked beans, lentils and onions) | An inverse association: HR = 0.6 (P = 0.060) for the highest vs lowest quartile of consumption.
Amount specific data (g/day):
0-126: HR = 1.
127-188: HR = 1.2 (No 95% CI).
189-258: HR = 0.9 (No 95% CI).
> 258: HR = 0.6 (No 95% CI).
This association did not differ stratifying by manual working, but was confined to nonsmokers only.
The strongest association was observed for fruit: RR = 0.5 (0.3-1.0). | Age, smoking, social class, BMI, energy, intake of fat, and alcohol consumption. |
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